Some biochemical indicators of serum, fattening and meat quality of young pigs of different classes of distribution according to the Sazer-Fredin index

Author info »

Introduction

The use of new technologies in pig breeding, taking into account the productive potential of each animal, makes it possible to use its genetic potential to some extent. Considering the individual characteristics of the pig organism of pigs in breeding work allows improving its breed qualities with the inheritance of valuable and economic and valuable traits (Khalak et al., 2020). The intensification of the selection process in reproductive qualitypig breeding involves improving reproductive, fattening, and meat qualities, consolidation of individual populations according to these signs, and the selection of animals with a high level of adaptation to environmental conditions (Khalak et al., 2021).

Selective and breeding work in quality pig breeding is aimed at creating populations of pigs with high reproductive qualities of the original parental forms and fattening and meat indicators of their offspring (Khalak et al., 2020). It is essential to improve the quality of the final product, meat and lard (Khalak et al., 2019; Khalak & Gutyj, 2020). For this purpose, use several measures, namely: to investigate the influence of feed factors on the quality of slaughter products, live weight and sex of animals, the use of breeding boars of different breeds, intrabreed types and lines, susceptibility, the genotype of some genetic markers, transportation and method of slaughter, housing conditions and other factors (Martyshuk et al., 2019; 2020; Leskiv et al., 2021; Roman et al., 2021).

The theoretical basis for the research is the scientific development of domestic and foreign scientists (Bazhov & Komlatskiy, 1989; Tsereniuk, 2009; Getya, 2009; Khalak, 2015; Voloshchuk & Khalak, 2015; Khalak et al., 2020). The authors note that under modern conditions of industrial technology of pork production, essential features of pigs, along with the reproductive qualities of sows and breeding boars, are the improvement of fattening and meat quality of their offspring. For this purpose in zootechnical practice, industrial crossing and hybridization are used, proper conditions of keeping and feeding are created, conducting selection of highly productive animals of the main herd based on their evaluation of fattening and meat quality of their offspring, as well as DNA markers (Pierzchaa, 2004; Balatsky et al., 2016; Bankovskaja et al., 2016; Balatsky, 2016).

An important issue in working with the population of pigs of a particular breed is an objective evaluation of their productive potential and its implementation under biological markers of early prediction of important quantitative characteristics. This determines the practical significance of this work and the vector for further research.

The work aims to investigate the biochemical indicators of the blood serum of the young pigs of Large White breed, their fattening and to meat quality, and calculate the cost-effectiveness of the research results.

Materials and Methods

Research was carried out in agricultural formations of the Dnipropetrovsk region, meat-packing plant “Jazz”, the Research Center for Biosafety and Environmental Control of Agricultural Resources of the Dnieper State Agrarian and Economic University, and the Laboratory of Animal Husbandry of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. The work was carried out according to the research program of NAAS of Ukraine No.30 research program, "Innovative technologies of breeding, industrial and organic production of pig breeding" ("Pig breeding").

The object of the research was young pigs of a large white breed of Hungarian selection. Conditions for feeding and keeping animals in the experimental groups were identical and complied with zootechnical standards.

The evaluation in animals of the specified production group and genotype on indicators of fattening and meat quality was carried out taking into account the following indicators: average daily gain of live weight during the period of control fattening, g; the age of live weight 100 kg, days; bacon fat of bacon at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae, mm; the length of the chilled carcass, cm; the length of bacon half of chilled half-carcass, cm.

The Sazer-Fredin index (1) and the economic efficiency of the research results (2) were calculated using the formula:

…….(1)

Where: I-index of A. Sazer-H. Fredin, ΔG1-growth rate in deviation from the mean; ΔF1-thickness of lard in deviation from the average; σ_g-phenotypic standard deviation of growth rate; σ_f-phenotypic standard deviation of the thickness of the lard (Kozlovskij, 1982).

…….(2)

Where: E-the cost of additional products, UAH; C-the purchase price per unit of output, following existing prices in force in Ukraine; S-average productivity of animals; P-the average margin of primary products (%), which is expressed as a percentage per 1 head when using a new and improved selection achievement compared to the productivity of animals of basic use; L-constant coefficient of reduction of the result, which is associated with additional costs for profitable products (0.75); K-the number of farm animals of new or improved breeding achievement, heads.

In the serum of 5-month-old animals, the content of total protein (h/l), urea content (mmol/l), and creatinine concentration (mg%) was determined (Vlizlo et al., 2012).

Biometric processing of the data (Lakin, 1990) was performed according to generally accepted methods.

The pairwise correlation coefficient (r), the error of this biometric indicator (Sr), and the reliability criterion (tr) were calculated using the following formulas:

(3) (4) (5)

The strength of the correlations between traits was determined by the Chaddock scale (Sidorova et al., 2003).

Results and Discussion

The analysis of laboratory research shows that the biochemical indicators in the serum of young pigs of the experimental group correspond to the physiological norm of clinically healthy animals. Therefore, the total protein content is 82.0 ± 2.10 h/l (Cv=7.71%), the urea content is 4.77 ± 0.30 mmol/l (Cv = 18.01%) and creatinine concentration is 90.86 ± 4.193 μmol/l (Cv=17.88%).

According to the results of the control fattening, it was found that the average daily increase in live weight of young pigs is 777.1 ± 11.11 g (Cv=7.29%), an age of achievement of live weight of 100 kg-172.1 ± 1.18 days (Cv=3.52%), the thickness of the lard thickness at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae -20.9 ± 0.36 mm (Cv=9.22%), the length of the cooled carcass is 96.3 ± 0.43 cm (Cv=2.38%), the length of the bacon half of the cooled half-carcass is 83.3 ± 1.06 cm (Cv=6.73%). The Sazer-Fredin index ranges from -1,791 to +3.211 points.

The results on the research of biochemical indicators of blood serum of young pigs of large white breeds of different distribution classes according to the Sazer-Fredin index are shown in Table 2.

Table 1. Cheddock scale for grading the strength of a correlation.

Indicators, units of measurement	Biometric Indexes	Sazer-Fredin index
		index gradation
		-1.791 – -0.329	+0.003–+3.211
		Group
		І	ІІ
The content of total protein, h/l		83.0 ± 1.61	80.0 ± 6.11
	σ ± Sσ	3.94 ± 1.25	10.58 ± 3.35
		4.74 ± 1.50	13.22 ± 4.18
Urea content, mmol/l		4.72 ± 0.30	4.63 ± 0.31
	σ ± Sσ	0.80 ± 0.25	0.81 ± 0.26
		16.94 ± 5.44	17.53 ± 5.55
Creatinine concentration, μmol/l		80.6 ± 5.88	96.0 ± 4.95
	σ ± Sσ	13.16 ± 4.16	15.67 ± 4.96
		16.32 ± 5.16	16.32 ± 5.16

Table 2. Biochemical parameters of the blood serum of young pigs of the large white breed of different classes according to the Sazer-Fredin index, n=5.

The differences between the groups in the content of total protein were found to be 3.0 h/l (td=0.47, P >0.05), urea content-0.09 mmol/l (td=2.25, P <0.05), creatinine concentration-15.4 μmol/l (td=2.20, P <0.05).

The results on the research of fattening and meat quality of young pigs of different intrabreed differentiation according to the Sazer-Fredin index are shown in Table 3.

Indicators, units of measurement	Biometric Indexes	Sazer-Fredin index
		index gradation
		-1.791 – -0.329	+0.003 – +3.211
		The group
		І	ІІ
Average daily gain of live weight during the period of control fattening, h	n	12	16
		759.8 ± 14.96	788.0 ± 12.82
	σ ± Sσ	55.14 ± 11.28	51.31 ± 9.08
		7.25 ± 1.48	6.51 ± 1.15
Age of reaching live weight 100 kg, days		178.1 ± 1.67	173.0 ± 1.62
	σ ± Sσ	5.20 ± 1.06	6.50 ± 1.15
		2.91 ± 0.59	3.75 ± 0.66
The thickness of the fat at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae, mm		22.1 ± 0.48	19.8 ± 0.40
	σ ± Sσ	1.69 ± 0.35	1.61 ± 0.28
		7.64 ± 1.56	8.13 ± 1.42
The length of the cooled carcass, cm		95.4 ± 0.58	96.7 ± 0.63
	σ ± Sσ	2.02 ± 0.41	2.54 ± 0.45
		2.11 ± 0.43	2.62 ± 0.47
Length of bacon half of the cooled half-carcass, cm		82.2 ± 1.69	84.1 ± 1.36
	σ ± Sσ	5.86 ± 1.19	5.45 ± 0.96
		7.12 ± 1.46	6.48 ± 1.15

Table 3. Fattening and meat quality of young pigs of large white breeds of different classes of distribution according to the Sazer- Fredin index.

The young pigs of group II were found to outperform the peers of I on average daily live weight gain for the period of control fattening by 28.2 g (td=1.43, P >0.05), the age to reach a live weight of 100 kg by 5.1 days (td=2.21, P <0.05), the thickness of the lard at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae-2.3 mm (td=3.70, P <0.01), the carcass length of the cooled carcass-1.3 cm (td=1.52, P >0.05), the length of the bacon half of the cooled half-carcass-1.9 cm (td=0.87, P >0.05).

The coefficient of variation of biochemical indicators of blood serum, fattening, and meat quality of young pigs of the experimental groups ranges from 2.11 to 17.53%.

The results of the calculation of the pair correlation coefficients between the biochemical indicators of blood serum, fattening, and meat quality of young pigs of the large white breed are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. The pair correlation coefficient between the biochemical parameters of blood serum, fattening, and meat quality of young pigs of the large white breed.

The pair correlation coefficients between the biochemical indicators of blood serum, fattening, and meat quality of the young pigs of Large White breed range from -0.533 to +0.528.

A significant relationship was found between the following pairs of characteristics: total protein content × length of the bacon half of the chilled carcass (0.533 ± 0.1727), total protein content, h/l × Sazer-Fredin index h/l (-0.395 ± 0.1875), urea content × length of the chilled carcass (-0.445 ± 0.1828), creatinine concentration × length of the chilled carcass (0.528 ± 0.1734), creatinine concentration × length of bacon half of chilled half-carcass (0.519 ± 0.1745), creatinine concentration × Sazer-Fredin index (0.497 ± 0.1771).

According to the results of the calculation of the economic efficiency of the use of young pigs of different classes of distribution according to the Sazer-Fredin index, it was found that the maximum increase in additional products was obtained from animals of group II, namely +1.38% (Table 5).

Table 5. Economic efficiency of the research results.

The cost of additional products received from animals in these groups is +360.32 UAH/h.

Conclusion

The biochemical indicators of blood serum in young pigs of the experimental group correspond to the physiological norm of clinically healthy animals. The difference between the groups in terms of total protein content (h/l), urea content (mmol/l) and creatinine concentration (μmol/l) averages 7.18%. Young pigs in the controlled herd at the age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg, the thickness of the lard at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae, and the length of the chilled carcass, according to the requirements of the current instruction on pig grading, the minimum requirements for the elite class prevail by an average of 14.38%. Taking into account the intra-breed differentiation of young pigs of large white breed according to the Sazer-Fredin index, it is found that the animals of group II (I=+0.003-+3.211) dominated peer I (I=-1.791-0.329) in the average daily increase in live weight during the period of control fattening by 3.62% (td=1.43, P >0.05), the age to reach a live weight of 100 kg by 2.86% (td=2.21, P <0.05), the thickness of the lard at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae - by 10.10% (td=3.70, P <0.01), the length of the cooled carcass by 1.34% (td=1.52, P >0.05), the length of the bacon half of the cooled carcass by 2.25% (td=0.87, P >0.05). The pair correlation coefficient between the biochemical indicators of blood serum, fattening, and meat quality of young pigs of the large white breed ranges from -0.533 to +0.528. The use from young pigs of group II (Sazer-Fredin index ranges from +0.003 to +3.211 points) provides additional products at the level of +1.38%, and its cost is 360.32 UAH/head.

Acknowledgment

The authors express official gratitude to the chief technologist of Druzhba-Kaznachejivka LLC of the Dnipropetrovsk region Shepel N.O., Director of the Research Center for Biosafety and Environmental Control of Agricultural Resources of the Dnieper State Agrarian and Economic University Masjuk D.M., Head of the laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Yefimov V.G., junior researcher of the Department of physiology, toxicology and biochemistry Bogomaz A.A. for the assistance in conducting the experimental part of the research.

References

Balatsky, V. (2016). Polymorphisms of the porcine cathepsins, growth hormone, releasing hormone and leptin receptor genes and their association with meat quality traits in Ukrainian Large White breed. Molecular Biology Reports, 43:517-526.

Balatsky, V.N., Bankovska, I.В., Saienko, A.M. (2016). Association between leptin receptor gene polymorphism and quality of both meat and back fat in large white pigs of Ukrainian breeding. Agricultural Science and Practice, 3:42-48.

Ban'kovskaja, I.B., Balackij, V.N., Buslik, T.V. (2016). Svjaz' polimorfizma genov katepsinov CTSS, CTSL, CTSB, CTSK s pokazateljami kachestva mjasa i sala svinej ukrainskoj krupnoj beloj porody. Aktual'nye problemy intensivnogo razvitija zhivotnovodstva: sb. nauch. tr. Gorki: BGSHA, 191:198-204.

Bazhov, G.M., Komlatskiy, V.I. (1989). Biotechnology of intensive pig breeding. Moscow: Rosagropromizdat (in Russian).

Berezovskyi, M.D., Khatko, I.V. (2005). Metodyky otsinky knuriv i svynomatok za yakistiu potomstva v umovakh pleminnykh zavodiv i pleminnykh reproduktoriv. Suchasni metodyky doslidzhen u svynarstvi. Poltava, pp:32-37.

Getya, A.A. (2009). Organization of the selection process in modern pig breeding. Poltava: Poltava writer (in Ukrainian).

Khalak, V.I., Gutyj, B.V. (2020). Polygenic hereditary traits of young pigs and their association with the melanocortin receptor gene–4 (mc4r). Scientific Messenger of Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Agricultural sciences, 22:84-89.

Khalak, V., Gutyj, B., Bordun, O., Ilchenko, M., Horchanok, A. (2020). Effect of blood serum enzymes on meat qualities of piglet productivity. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:158-161.

Khalak, V., Gutyj, B., Bordun, О., Horchanok, A., Ilchenko, M., Smyslov, S., Lytvyshchenko, L., Kuzmenko, L. (2020). Large White breed sows. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:122-126.

Khalak, V., Gutyj, B., Bordun, О., Horchanok, A., Ilchenko, M., Smyslov, S., Kuzmenko, O., Lytvyshchenko, L. (2020). Development and reproductive qualities of sows of different breeds: innovative and traditional methods of assessment. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:356-360.

Khalak, V., Gutyj, B., Stadnytska, O., Shuvar, I., Balkovskyi, V., Korpita, H., Shuvar, A., Bordun, О. (2021). Breeding value and productivity of sows of the Large White breed. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11:319-324.

Khalak, V., Horchanok, A., Kuzmenko, O., Lytvyshchenko, L., Lieshchova, M., Кalinichenko, A., Liskovich, V., Zagoruy, L. (2020). Protein metabolism, physicochemical properties and chemical composition of muscle tissue in Large White weaners. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:127-131.

Khalak, V.I. (2015). Some breeding traits of pigs and their assessment using innovative methods. Scientific factor in the strategy of innovative development of pig breeding. Proceed. XXII Int. Sc. Conf. Grodno: GAU, pp:140-145 (in Russian).

Khalak, V.I., Gutyj, B.V. (2020). Physicochemical properties and chemical composition of muscle tissue of young pigs of large white breed and their correlation with some serum enzymes. Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 3:34-38.

Khalak, V.I., Gutyj, B.V., Stadnits’ka, O.I. (2019). Feeding and meat qualities of young pigs of different origin and intensity of formation in early ontogenesis. Scientific Messenger of Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Agricultural Sciences, 21:10-15.

Kozlovskij, V.G. (1982). Plemennoe delo v svinovodstve. Moskva: Kolos (in Russian). Lakin, G.F. (1990). Biometrics. Moscow: Higher School (in Russian).

Leskiv, K.Y., Gufriy, D.F., Gutyj, B.V., Khalak, V.I., Hariv, I.I., Martyshuk, T.V., Guta, Z.A. (2021). The effect of methiphene, methionine, and phenarone on the humoral part of the immune system of piglets in experimental chronic nitrate-nitrite toxicosis. Colloquium Journal, 7:12-15.

Martyshuk, T.V., Gutyj, B.V., Vishchur, O.I., Todoriuk, V.B. (2019). Biochemical indices of piglets blood under the action of feed additive "Butaselmevit-plus". Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 2:27-30.

Martyshuk, T.V., Gutyj, B.V., Zhelavskyi, M.M., Midyk. S.V., Fedorchenko, A.M., Todoriuk, V.B., Nahirniak, T.B., Kisera, Ya.V., Sus, H.V., Chemerys, V.A., Levkivska, N.D., Iglitskej, I.I. (2020). Effect of Butaselmevit-Plus on the immune system of piglets during and after weaning. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:347-352.

Methodology for determining the economic efficiency of the use in agriculture of scientific research results, new technology, inventions, and rationalization proposals (1983). Moscow: VAIIPI (in Russian).

Pierzchała, M. (2004). Novel SNPs and microsatellite polymorphisms in chosen candidate genes (MyoD, GHRHR, IGF1 and IGF2) and analysis of their association with carcass quality traits in pigs. Abstracts: Proceedings of 29th International Conference on Animal Genetics, Tokyo (Japan), pp:139.

Roman, L., Sidashova, S., Popova, I., Levchenko, A., Bogach, M., Sklyarov, P., Ulyzko, S., Koreyba, L., Kushnir, V., Chornyi, V., Gutyj, B. (2021). Lateral profile of the pigs' teat line of different Ukrainian breeds. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11:360-367.

Sidorova, A.V., Leonova, N.V., Masich, L.A. (2003). Workshop on the theory of statistics: Textbook, Donetsk: Don. National University (in Russian).

Tsereniuk, O.M. (2009). Yakist of meat and lard products tvaryn iz ryznoy stressoustykistyu. Naukovo-tekhnichnyi Biulleten. Instytut Tvarynnytstva NAAN. Kharkiv, 100:491-496.

Vashchenko, P.A. (2010). Determination of breeding value of pigs by different methods. Bulletin of Agrarian Science of the Black Sea Region. Mykolaiv, 1:77-79.

Vlizlo, V.V., Fedoruk, R.S., Ratych, I.B. (2012). Laboratory methods doslijen and violonia, tvarinnitstvi and veterinary medicine. Dovidnyk za red Vlizla V.V. Lviv. SPOLOM.

Voloshchuk, V.M., Khalak, V.I. (2015). Productivity of pigs of different breeding value and distribution classes according to the indices of O. Wangen and A. Sazer, H. Fredin. Pig Breeding. Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection. Institute of Pig Breeding and AІP NAAS. Poltava, 67:81-86.