Rape pollen beetle: Range, bioecological features, harmfulness and protection measures: Review

Author info »

Introduction

The rape pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus Fabricius, 1775) is one of the most dangerous pests on Brassicaceae crops in all areas of their cultivation, as it can damage plants during the budding and flowering phases (Snizhok, 2007; Shpaar, 2007; Yakovlyev, 2007; Sekun et al., 2008; Chirkov & Moskalenko, 2009; Snizhok, 2009; Gordyeyeva, 2010 a; Gordyeyeva, 2010 b; Yevtushenko & Stankevych, 2010; Yevtushenko & Stankevych, 2011; Stankevych, 2011a).

The rape pollen beetle is widespread throughout Ukraine, annually causing significant damage to plantations and reducing seed yields (Kasyanov, 2011). The species range covers the entire Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and North Africa (Vasilev, 1987), but as to Central Asia, it is only found in Turkmenistan (Fig. 1) (Pavlovskij, 1941). N.A. Filippov (Filippov, 1978) pointed out that the rape pollen beetle was the most dangerous pest on Brassicaceae crops in Moldova. D. Shpaar (Shpaar, 2007) reported that the rape pollen beetle was the most dangerous pest on Brassicaceae crops in Germany, Poland and France.

Figure 1: Range zone and areas of harmfulness of the rape pollen beetle.

It should be noted that the rape pollen beetle is not new to our country; it was mentioned as a pest both of rapeseed and of other Brassicaceae crops as early as in 1845 (O vrednyh nasekomyh, 1845) and its morphology, biology and ecology were described in detail the 19^th century publications (Bramson, 1881; Keppen, 1882; Iversen, 1883; Lindeman, 1866; Blomejer, 1901). N.N. Plavilshikov (Plavilshikov, 1994) defined the taxonomic status of the rape pollen beetle as follows: Class Insects-Insecta Leach, 1815; Subclass Winged Insects or Higher Insects-Pterygota Gegenbaur, 1878; Infraclass Neopterans-Neoptera Martynov, 1923; Division Holometabolic Insects-Holometabola; Hyperorder Coleopteroids-Coleopteroidea; Order Coleopterans-Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758; Suborder Omnivorous Beetles-Polyphaga Emery, 1886; Family Sap Beetwles-Nitidulidae Latreille, 1802; Genus Meligethes Fabricius, 1775.

Materials and Methods

The authors analyzed 157 literary and electronic sources from the late 19^th to the 21^st century. During the analysis, special attention was paid to the morphological, biological and ecological features rape pollen beetle in Ukraine and abroad. The data on the harmfulness of the rape pollen beetle and its economic significance are especially analyzed. In the course of the analysis special attention was paid to the methods and ways of controlling the rape pollen beetle in Ukraine and abroad. The protective measures were considered in such directions as agro-technical, physic and mechanical, chemical, biological, biotechnical and selective and genetic ones. Each of them is noteworthy and has both a number of disadvantages and indisputable advantages in comparison with other methods.

Results and Discussion

Morphology, biological and ecological features and harmfulness of the rape pollen beetle

The imago is 1.5-2.7 mm in size; its body is flat, elongated, black with a green or blue metallic sheen (Fig. 2A); the antenna are relatively short, with a three-segmented club; the legs are short and dark; the anterior legs are rarely reddish-brown; the anterior tibiae are finely serrated (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961; Shapilo, 1986; Kasyanov, 2011). The body top is densely dotted; the gaps between the dots are not larger than the dots themselves.

Figure 2: Rape pollen beetle: А-imago; B-grub.

The egg size is 0.3 mm; the egg is white, smooth, elongated-oval (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961; Ivanov et al., 1985; Iskakov & Krasnikova, 1991). The grub is 3.5-4 mm in size, worm-like, with three pairs of brown-black legs, pale gray, covered with small black warts; the head is brown (Fig. 2B) (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961; Abramik et al., 2010). The pupa is 3 mm in size, free, flattened-ovoid, waxy-white; it turns yellow prior to the imago emergence and then becomes completely dark (Vasilev, 1988).

Training, research and production center doslidne pole (experimental field) of vv dokuchaev khnau (2011)

In Ukraine, sexually immature beetles overwinter on the soil surface under fallen leaves or under plant remains on the edge of forests, in gardens and parks. Beetles get out of overwintering housings in the second half of April-early in May (Bardin, 2000). It was published (Gar & Melnikova, 1986) that the main triggers for overwintering beetles to get out were the air temperature of 8.6 (± 0.6)°C and soil warming at a depth of 5 cm to 8.7 (± 0.8)°C. Mass swarming occurs at 13.8–14.6°С; however, other scientists give the following temperatures: 10.1–11.3°С (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961; Gurova, 1963) and 10.7°С, with the sum of effective temperatures of 94.1–119.1°C (Snizhok, 2009).

Several researchers (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961; Laba, 2006; Gordyeyeva, 2010 a; Gordyeyeva, 2010 b; Yeshenko, 2010; Pisarenko & Gordyeyeva, 2010) reported that beetles first inhabited flowers of dandelion, buttercup, winter cress, and later appear on flowers of fruit trees (cherry-trees, apple-trees, etc.). We observed (Stankevych, 2011a; Yevtushenko & Stankevich, 2012; Stankevych, 2012f; Stankevych, 2012h) that after leaving wintering housings the rape pollen beetle additionally fed on dandelion, buttercup, small tumbleweed mustard, flixweed, field mustard, and winter cress. As E.A. Ivancova (Ivancova, 2010) described, the additional feeding lasts 12–15 days in the rape pollen beetle. Beetles appear on domestic Brassicaceae plants with the first green buds (Kulik & Shvecova, 1940; Lugovskij, 2011), which is mentioned by the vast majority of scientists, however, V.V. Stefanovskij (Stefanovskij & Majstrenko, 1990). noted that plants got inhabited as inflorescences formed. This period coincides with the first half of May. Beetles feed on the inner parts of flowers (pistils, stamens, pollen, petals). Damaged buds turn yellow and drop. Feeding mainly on pollen of full-blown flowers, the rape pollen beetle is less harmful, if anthesis is even and rapid. However, upon mass swarming, beetles can inflict significant damage during anthesis (Shapilo, 1986; Vlasenko, 1997; Krut’, 2003).

As B.A. Gerasimov (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961) noted, when the crop was damaged in the budding phase (10 beetles per 100 buds), the yield loss was 72.5%, but when the crop was damaged during anthesis (10 beetles per 100 flowers), the yield loss was 35.9%. When flowers were slightly damaged, they did not fall off and distorted curved pods developed. However, L.M. Ovchinnikova (Ovchinnikova, 1971) and V.N. Voskresenskaya (Voskresenskaya, 1973) reported that, when the crop was infested in the budding phase with a population density of 5 beetles and 10 beetles per plant, the yield decreased by 1.0-16.7% and 2.5-20.5%, respectively. If beetles infested plants during anthesis, even the population density of 15-20 beetles per plant led to no decrease in the yield and even a gain in the yield of 3.66 ± 0.12% to 7.00 ± 0.12% was observed. This is attributed to the fact that the rape pollen beetle acts as a pollinator (to some extent) during the anthesis. Nevertheless, with an increase in the population density to 30 beetles per plant, the yield was reduced by 2.66 ± 0.11%. L.V. Sorochinskij (Sorochinskij, 1988) published data that at a population density of 70 beetles per plant, the yield loss amounted to 82%. Бернд Хонемайєр from the University of Rostock (Germany) reported that at the rape pollen beetle population density of 1.5 beetles/plant during anthesis, the yield decreased by 22.2%, at 5.5 beetles/plant-by 55.5%, and at 11 beetles/plant-by 66.4% (Krut, 2003). The degree of the rape pollen beetle–induced damage to plants is also associated with Alternaria affection of rapeseed plants. Pathogens use beetle-damaged flowers to penetrate the plant (Sytnyk, 1997). In Germany, the economic threshold of harmfulness (ETH) (Kirch & Basedow, 2008) for the rape pollen beetle is currently 2 beetles/plant, but it is being discussed that this parameter may be changed to by 5-6 or even 8-10 beetles/plant. In Austria, the rape pollen beetle ETH is 6 beetles per plant on winter rape and 2 beetles per plant on spring rape (Szith, 2009). In Norway (Andersen, Kjos, Nordhus & Johansen, 2008), the ETH is 1-2 beetles per plant in the budding phase.

М.V. Krut’ (Krut’, 2003) pointed out that The ETH was 0.5-1.0 beetles/plant during the flower bud formation, 2.0 beetles/plant 14 days before anthesis, and 2.5–3.0 beetles/plant prior to anthesis. At the Institute of Cruciferous Crops of NAASU, the ETH for the rape pollen beetle was defined as follows: 1 beetle per plant during the bud formation, 2-3 beetles per plant in the phase of enlarged buds, and 5-6 beetles per plant at the anthesis onset (Abramyk et al., 2010; Gordyeyeva, 2010a; Gordyeyeva, 2010b). The beetle population density is particularly high in areas adjacent to afforestation belts and shrubs.

It is interesting that I.V. Kozhanchikov (Kozhanchikov, 1929) and N.L. Saharov (Saharov, 1934) emphasized that the presence of the rape pollen beetle in no way prevented the Brassicaceae seed plants from giving high yields of seeds.

After 12–15 days (usually during the third 10 days of May), females lay eggs in buds that have not yet bloomed with stamens. According to different references, the female lays from 1 to 10 eggs in one bud (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961; Osmolovskij, 1972; Ivanov et al., 1985; Milashenko & Abramov, 1989; Iskakov & Krasnikova, 1991; Leisker, 2007; Ivancova, 2010). The total number of eggs laid by 1 female is 40–50 eggs (Maksimov, 1990). Four–twelve days later, depending on the temperature, grubs that live in buds and flowers, feeding on pollen, hatch (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961; Gurova, 1963; Bardin, 2000). Different researchers reported various duration of the embryonic period: from 4 to 14 days (Gorodnij, 1970; Ovchinnikova, 1971).

Only with a dense infestation of flowers, grubs can significantly damage them (Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961). G.Ye. Osmolovskij (Osmolovskij, 1972) published data that grubs inflicted significant damage only at a population density of 3 or more grubs per flower. However, Ya.P. Bardin (Bardin, 2000), L.I. Bud’ko (Bud’ko, Rovba & Shaganov, 2008) and Ye.A. Ivancova (Ivancova, 2010) believed that grubs of the rape pollen beetle could cause significant damage. Ya.P. Bardin (Bardin, 2000) reported that several grubs could feed simultaneously on some flowers, moving from flower to flower, from plant to plant, and completely destroying the inflorescence. V.V. Markov (Markov, 2006) and L.I. Bud’ko (Bud’ko, Rovba & Shaganov, 2008) published data that grubs also intensively fed on young pods. With mass emergence, grubs of the rape pollen beetle reduce seed yields and often completely destroy seeds. However, the Swiss researcher F. Hani (Hani, 1988) thought that grubs feeding on flower pollen did not do any harm to plants.

Grubs live 10–30 days, then they mine into the soil (Orobchenko, 1959; Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961; Milashenko & Abramov, 1989; Bardin, 2000) to a depth of 1.5–5.0 cm (different researchers reported different figures) and pupate (Maksimov, 1990; Abramik et al., 2010). The pupal stage lasts 10 to 16 days. In late May-early June, young beetles of a new generation emerge and also feed on flowers of different plants. Around the end of July, when Brassicaceae oil crops ripen, the new generation of beetles fly to overwintering housings (Orobchenko, 1959; Milashenko & Abramov, 1989).

G.Ye. Osmolovskij (Osmolovskij, 1972) reported that in the northern regions of Russia the rape pollen beetle had one generation per year, while in the central and southern regions-two or three generations. Ye.A. Ivancova (Ivancova, 2010) reported that in the Volga region the rape pollen beetle gave 1-3 generations per year. R.Ya. Kuznecova (Kuznecova, 1975) pointed out that in the northern regions of Russia the rape pollen beetle had one generation per year, while in the southern regions it gave 2-3 generations. In Sweden and Norway (Andersen, Kjos, Nordhus & Johansen, 2008; Wivstad, 2010), the pest produces one generation per year. The vast majority of researchers believed that in Ukraine the rape pollen beetle gave two generations (Gurova, 1963; Gorodnij, 1970), but G.M. Kovalchuk (Kovalchuk, 1987) thought that only one. V.P. Orobchenko (Orobchenko, 1959) published data about 3-4 generations. A. Podkopayev (Podkopayev, 1933) also wrote that the rape pollen beetle gave several generations per year. V.P. Fedorenko (Fedorenko et al., 2008) emphasized that in Ukraine the rape pollen beetle gave 1-2 generations per year. Z.I. Gurova (Gurova, 1963) wrote that in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine the full development cycle of the first generation of the rape pollen beetle took 36–42 days, and of the second generation-26-29 days. The maximum use of its natural enemies is an important factor limiting the rape pollen beetle numbers.

According to F. Keppen data (Keppen, 1882), the scarlet malachite beetle Malachius aeneus eats M. aeneus grubs and wasps of the genus Microgaster parasitize in grubs. The endoparasite Diospilus capito Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizes in M. aeneus grubs (Ovchinnikova & Voskresenskaya, 1972; Voskresenskaya, 1973).

In Germany, major main natural enemies of the rape pollen beetle are the parasitoid Phradis morionellus (family Ichneumonidae), which develops in M. aeneus grubs and pupae, and nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, which infest up to 10% of M. aeneus pupae in the soil (Brust, 1991; Nitzsche & Ulber, 1998; Nielsen & Philipsen, 2005; Susurluk, 2005; Ehlers, R.-U. (2006). In Switzerland, the natural enemies of M. aeneus grubs are parasitic wasp of the genera Isurgus and Diospilus, and the imago number is regulated by the microsporidium Nosema meligethi I. et R. (Lipa & Hokkanen, 1991).

Protection against the rape pollen beetle

Information on protection against the rape pollen beetle has been known since the mid-1800s. Beetles were recommended to be collected with sweep-nets or shaken in bags early in the morning or in cloudy weather (Bramson, 1881; Keppen, 1882; Iversen, 1883; Blomejer, 1901). In the 1930s, there were recommendations to sprinkle plants with calcium orthoarsenate, sodium fluorosilicate or anabadust, to spray with copper acetoarsenite and barium chlorate at the budding onset and to repeat spraying twice or three times with an interval of 6-7 days, to shake beetles in a bucket of water with a little kerosene on the water surface (Podkopayev, 1933; Shyogolev, Znamenskij & Bej-Bienko, 1937). In the 1940s, shaking plants in the morning was recommended to protect against M. aeneus imagoes. During the budding phase, but always prior to anthesis, twice or three-time sprinkling with calcium orthoarsenate or sodium fluorosilicate with talc in a ratio of 1:6 and anabadust was applied. It was also reported that in experiments of the Novosibirsk Plant Protection Station good results were obtained from spraying with a pyrethrum extract (Moric-Romanova, Berezhkov & Davydov, 1941). In the 1950s-1960s, several researchers (Zambin, Turaev & Shumilenko, 1953; Orobchenko, 1959; Gerasimov & Osnickaya, 1961) recommended twice or three-time sprinkling plants with pesticide dusts such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorane, sodium fluorosilicate, calcium orthoarsenate, anabadust or metaphos in the budding phase; there are also data that in other countries insecticide toxaphene, which, like DDT and hexachlorane, is an organochlorine compound, but as the author stated, was much safer for bees, was used. In the 1970s, sprinkling plants with hexachlorane or metaphos, or with a mixture thereof was recommended (Gorodnij, 1970).

In 1974, A.A. Moskalyova (Moskalyova, 1974) for the first time presented data on the effectiveness of microbial products such as Entobacterin with a titer of 30 billion spores of Bacillus turingiensis var galloriae, Dendrobacillin with a titer of 20 billion spores of Bacillus turingiensis var dendim titer, Boverin with a titer of 6 billion spores Beauveria bassiana (Bals) vuil to control the rape pollen beetle numbers. These agents were used alone or in mixtures with chlorophos. The mortality of beetles from biological products amounted to 45%, and from mixtures with chlorophos-to 93%.

In 1973, as part of a research project, to protect against the rape pollen beetle at a population density of 20 insects/plant, plants were twice sprayed with malathion, azinphosmethyl, phosalone or with hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) during the budding phase (Rape seed production, 1973). V. Teuteberg (Teuteberg, 1973) in Germany recommended to carry out 1-2 sprayings with chlorfenvinphos prior to anthesis and 4-5 treatments with HCH during anthesis. In Czechoslovakia (Vilinskiy, 1974), plants were sprinkled with toxaphene at the anthesis onset. A.A. Moskalyova (Moskalyova, 1974), to control the rape pollen beetle numbers, also recommended a number of organophosphorus compounds such as dichlorvos, cartap hydrochloride, tetrachlorvinphos, diazinon, dimethoate, phosphamide, phosalone, and cyanox, the effectiveness of which ranged 28 to 100%, as well as a biological product, Bitoxibacillin (BTB-202), with a titer of 40 billion disputes, the efficiency of which was 100%.

A.A. Gortlevskij (Gortlevskij & Makeeva, 1983) recommended spraying with thiodan at a population density of 6–8 insects/plant in the budding phase. O.A. Ivanov (Ivanov et al., 1985) recommended spraying with chlorophos, thiodan, dichlorvos, malathion, or with phosphamide at a population density of 2–3 insects/plant before budding and with 1% suspension of Bitoxybacillin before anthesis P.I. Zajcev (Zajcev, 1987) indicated that the effectiveness of fenvalerate was 90% and of metaphos-70-80%. V.T. Piven (Piven, 1988) recommended protecting plants against the rape pollen beetle by spraying with thiodan or fenvalerate in the budding phase A.P. Tuzlukova (Tuzlukova, 1987) published data on a high effectiveness of organophosphorus insecticides (metaphos, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl) in mixtures with trace elements (boron and molybdenum) in the control of the rape pollen beetle.

In the early 1990s, V.V. Stefanovskij (Stefanovskij & Majstrenko, 1990), to protect plants against the rape pollen beetle, recommended spraying with insecticides such as pirimiphos-methyl, permethrin, phoxim, phosalone, malathion, methylparathion, fenvalerate and cypermethrin in the budding phase and adding dimethoate or etaphos to the soil simultaneously with sowing. N.G. Vlasenko (Vlasenko & Kulagin, 1993) recommended trap crops as a method of controlling the rap pollen beetle numbers, i.e. about 10% of the planned cultivation area is allocated for a trap crop. According to his data, this way is used to protect spring rape against the rape pollen beetle in Finland. Spring rape itself, but sown a week earlier than the main crop, acts as a trap crop. N.G. Vlasenko (Vlasenko & Kulagin, 1993) used winter cress, mustard and oil radish as trap crops in Siberia.

The white turnip is used as a trap crop in Switzerland (Buchi, 1990).

Recently, the range of insecticides recommended for the protection of Brassicaceae oil crops against the rape pollen beetle has been so widened that there is no need to dwell on each agent. Several researchers recommended spraying with one of the permitted insecticides to protect plants in the budding phase (Chehov, 2001; Chervonenko, Tereshenko & Ishenko, 2003; Laba, 2006; Lazar et al., 2006; Gordyeyeva, 2007a; Gordyeyeva, 2007b; Sahnenko, 2007; Shpaar, 2007; Zhuravskij & Sekun, 2007; Fedorenko et al., 2008; Sytnyk, 2008; Mazur et al., 2009; Snizhok, 2009; Abramyk et al., 2010; Ivancova, 2010; Krasilovec, 2010; Yeshenko et al, 2010; Kasyanov, 2011; Kyforuk et al., 2011).

As per the List of Pesticides and Agrochemicals Approved for Use in Ukraine, in 2020, 88 insecticides were recommended to be sprayed on Brassicaceae oil crops to protect them against the rape pollen beetle during the growing period; of them, 36 insecticides (40.9%) are synthetic pyrethroids, 19 insecticides (21.6%)-neonicotinoids, 5 insecticides (5.7%)-organophosphorus compounds, 1 insecticides (1.1%)-pyridinecarboxylides, and 27 insecticides (30.7%) are combined products.

When regulating the rape pollen beetle numbers, vegetating plants are sprayed with permitted insecticides before anthesis to prevent mass extermination of bees (Bardin, 2000; Stankevych, Teslina & Ozhga, 2010; Stankevych, 2010; Stankevich & Fedorenko, 2011; Stankevych, 2012f; Stankevych, 2012h). The need to expand the range of insecticides to control the rape pollen beetle numbers arises from the fact that this beetle rapidly becomes resistant to pyrethroids, which are now widely used worldwide to protect rapeseed. In addition, pyrethroids lose their insecticidal properties after a long exposure to temperatures above 25°C and direct sunlight. This was menthioned by D. Shpaar (Shpaar, 2007) as early as in 2007. According to his data, in 2004 in Germany, the resistance of the pest to pyrethroids was 10%, in 2005-20%, and in 2006-as high as 50% and in most areas the yield losses amounted to 70-80%. After that, neonicotinoids and new organophosphorus compounds were mandatorily included in the protection algorithm, and the next year the phytosanitary situation improved. Moreover, organophosphorus compounds appeared to be more effective than neonicotinoids (Burghause & Schackmann, 2006; Heimbach, Thieme & Mulle, 2006). In 2005, at a meeting of a special commission on insect resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in Germany (Fachausschuss Pflanzenschutzmittelresistenz, 2005), data on the effectiveness of some agents against the rape pollen beetle were presented. For example, the highest mortality of beetles was recorded with beta-cyfluthrin application (40-92%), while lambda-cyhalothrin only killed 8-77% of beetles. In addition, it was reported that beetles that had become resistant to pyrethroids overwintered much better and left overwintering houses much earlier than it had been expected. The genetic mechanism of developing resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in the rape pollen beetle was studied in Sweden and described in detail in J. Pernestal publication (Pernestal, 2009). Since in Sweden, starting from the 1980s, only pyrethroids were used to control the rape pollen beetle numbers, in 2009, there was not a single synthetic pyrethroid insecticide left on the pesticide market that would be effective in controlling the pest. To date, the rape pollen beetle numbers are limited to insecticides belonging to other chemical groups (Sundgren et al., 2008). In 2007 in Norway, it was noted that synthetic pyrethroids almost did not regulate the rape pollen beetle numbers, because due to their continuous long-term use, beetles had developed cross-resistance to these insecticides (Andersen, Kjos, Nordhus & Johansen, 2008), and today, to control this pest, neonicotinoid insecticide Biscaya (24% oil dispersion) is used. However, it is not advisable to use only this insecticide, as resistance to it may also develop (Andersen, Kjos, Nordhus & Johansen, 2008). In Switzerland, the most promising trend in controlling the rape pollen beetle numbers is the cultivation of resistant rapeseed varieties, including genetically modified ones (Ammann & Vogel, 1999), and, in Germany, the cultivation of trap crops is important (Hirthe, 2010; Hirthe & Jakobs, 2010; Michel. & Hirthe, 2010).

Conclusion

The analysis of the literary data indicates that despite the considerable number of the literary sources devoted to the rape pollen beetle, there is still a number of its biological and ecological features which are in close connection with the protection measures for controlling it and these measures have not yet been completely clarified. Modern systems of plant protection, consist in developing and implementing the integrated measures that preserve the crops from the harmful organisms while being the safest for the environment, animals and humans. The transition to such integrated systems involves the application of a biological method of pest control, reducing the number of pesticide treatments, the ability to use the preparations of selective action together with the entomophages, etc. An important reserve in this program is the activation and use of natural resources of the beneficial insects (parasitoids and predators) which limit the number of harmful insect-phytophages.

References

Abramyk, M.I. (2010). Zahist ripaka vid hvorob i shkidnikiv. Posibnik hliboroba. Kyiv, Urozhaj, pp:16-25 (in Ukrainian).

Ammann, D., Vogel, B. (1999). Langzeitmonitoring gentechnisch veränderter Organismen: Bestandsaufnahme, Fallbeispiele und Empfehlungen. Kantonales Laboratorim Basel-Stadt.

Andersen, A., Kjos, O., Nordhus, E., Johansen, N.S. (2008). Resistens mot pyretroider hos rapsglansbille–hva na. Plantemotet, 3:94-95.

Bardin, Ya.P. (2000). Ripak: vid sivbi-do pererobki. Bila Cerkva, Svit (in Ukrainian).

Beleckij, E.N., Stankevich, S.V. (2018). Policiklichnost', sinhronnost'i nelinejnost'populjacionnoj dinamiki nasekomyh i problemy prognozirovanija. Vienna, Premier Publishina sro Vienna (in Russian).

Blomejer, A. (1901). Kultura maslichnyh i voloknistyh rastenij. Besplatnoe pril. k zhurnalu Hozyain. Sankt-Peterburg (in Russian).

Bramson, K.P. (1881). Vrednyya nasekomyya i mery dlya borby s nimi. Rukovodstvo dlya hozyaev, narodnih uchitelej i uchitelskih seminarij. Ch.1. Ekaterinoslav, Tipografiya Ya.M. Chausskago (in Russian).

Brust, G.E. (1991). Augmentation of an endemic entomogenous nematode by agroecosystem manipulation for the control of a soil pest. Agriculture, Ecosystems, Environment, 36:175-184.

Buechi, R. (1990). Investigations on the use of turnip rape as trap plant to control oilseed rape pests. Bulletin SROP, 13:32-39.

Bud’ko, L.I., Rovba, I.N., Shaganov, I.A. (2008). Raps. Nasha tehnologiya-tradicii kachestva. Minsk, Ravnodenstvie (in Russian).

Burghause, F., Schackmann, N. (2006). Pyrethroid–resistente Rapsglanzkafer in Rheinland–Pfalz–Auftreten und Ausbreitung 2003–2006. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem 55. Gottingen, p:77.

Chehov, A.V. (2001). Mirovoe proizvodstvo semyan maslichnyh kultur i puti ih realizacii. Nauk.-tehn. byul. IOK UAAN. Vip, 6:1-4 (in Russian).

Chervonenko, M.G., Tereshenko, N.M., Ishenko, I.V. (2003). Shkidniki hrestocvitih kultur. Zahist Roslin, 9:19 (in Ukrainian).

Chirkov, M.V., Moskalenko, G.P. (2009). Zashita rapsa-osnova polucheniya vysokogo urozhaya semyan. M.V. Chirkov, Zemledelie, 2:34–35 (in Russian).

Ehlers, R.U. (2006). Einsatz der biotechnologie im biologischen pflanzenschutz. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Phytomedizinischen Gesellschaf, 8:17-31.

Fachausschuss Pflanzenschutzmittelresistenz (2005). Insektizide, Akarizide. Braunschweig, Messeweg.

Fedorenko, N.V., Stankevich, S.V., Yevtushenko, M.D. (2008). Dinamika chiselnosti osnovnih shkidnikiv ozimogo ripaku zalezhno vid strokiv provedennya zahodiv himichnogo zahistu. Mater dop mizhnar nauk konf studentiv, aspirantiv i molodih vchenih Ekologizaciya Stalogo Rozvitku Agrosferi I Noosferna Perspektiva Informacijnogo Suspilstva, p:113 (in Ukrainian).

Fedorenko, V.P. (2008). Zashita Rapsa. Zashita i Karantin Rastenij, 3:69-93 (in Russian).

Filippov, N.A. (1978). Obzor vreditelej ovoshe-bahchevyh kultur i kartofelya v Moldavii. Vrednaya Entomofauna Ovoshnyh Kultur: sb. st. Kishinyov, Shtiica, pp:3-30 (in Russian).

Gar, K.A., Melnikova, A.I. (1986). Prognoz poyavleniya zhukov rapsovogo cvetoeda i sroki obrabotki. Zashita Rastenij, 7:51–52 (in Russian).

Gerasimov, B.A., Osnickaya, E.A. (1961). Vrediteli i bolezni ovoshnyh kultur. 4-e izd. Moskva, Selhozgiz (in Russian).

Gordyeyeva, O.F. (2007a). Zahist shodiv yarogo ripaku. Agrovisnik. Ukrayina, 1:32 (in Ukrainian).

Gordyeyeva, O.F. (2007b). Efektivnist zastosuvannya insekticidu Decis iz sechovinoyu proti ripakovogo kvitkoyida (Meligethes aeneus F.) na posivah ripaku yarogo v umovah Lisostepu Ukrayini. Mater. vseukr. nauk. konf. molodih uchenih. Ch. 1. Agronomiya. Uman, UDAU, pp:45-46 (in Ukrainian).

Gordyeyeva, O.F. (2010a). Dinamika chiselnosti ripakovogo kvitkoyida (Meligethes aeneus F.) na posivah ripaku ozimogo v umovah Livoberezhnogo Lisostepu Ukrayini. Visn Polt Derzh Agrar Akad, 3:7-9 (in Ukrainian).

Gordyeyeva, O.F. (2010b). Osnovni shkidniki ripaku ta kontrol yih chiselnosti v Livoberezhnomu Lisostepu Ukrayini: avtoref. dis. kand. s.-g. nauk. Harkiv, HNAU (in Ukrainian).

Gorodnij, M.G. (1970). Olijni ta efiroolijni kulturi. Kiyiv, Urozhaj (in Ukrainian).

Gortlevskij, A.A., Makeeva, V.A. (1983). Ozimyj raps. Moskva, Rosselhozizdat, 1983 (in Russian).

Gurova, Z.I. (1963). Vrediteli semennikov ovoshnyh krestocvetnyh kultur rajona vostochnoj chasti Lesostepi Ukrainy i mery borby s nimi: avtoref dis kand biol nauk. Harkov (in Russian).

Hani, F. (1988). Pflanzenschutz im Integrierten Ackerbau. Zollikofen, Landwirtschaftliche Lehrmittelzentrale.

Heimbach, U., Thieme, T., Mulle, A. (2006). Ergebnisse eines Pyrethroid–Monitorings bei Rapsschadlingen in Deutschland. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem 55. Deutsche Pflanzenschutztagung in Gottingen. Gottingen.

Hirthe, G., Jakobs, M. (2010). Fangpflanzen zur Ablenkung des Rapsglanzkafers. Versuche im okologischen Gemuse-und Kartoffelanbau in Niedersachsen, pp:104-109.

Hirthe, G. (2010). Fangpflanzen zur Ablenkung des Rapsglanzkäfers. Infoblatt für den Gartenbau in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 19:32-38.

Iskakov, I.S., Krasnikova, V.M. (1991). Vrediteli ogoroda. Alma-Ata, Kajnar (in Russian).

Ivancova, E.A. (2010). Vrediteli gorchicy i rapsa. Pole Deyatelnosti, 6:8-11 (in Russian).

Ivanov, O.A. (1985). Vrediteli i bolezni selskohozyajstvennyh kultur v Zapadnoj Sibiri. Novosibirsk, Zapadnosib. kn. izd-vo (in Russian).

Iversen, V.Ye. (1883). Vrednyya polevyya nasekomyya. Opyt prakticheskoj entomologii. Sankt-Peterburg, Izd. F. Pavlenkova (in Russian).

Kasyanov, A.M. (2011). Ripakovij kvitkoyid (Meligethes aeneus F). na posivah ozimogo ta yarogo ripaku v umovah centralnogo Lisostepu Ukrayini. Karantin i Zahist Roslin, 6:11–13 (in Ukrainian).

Keppen, F. (1882). Vrednyya nasekomyya. Sochinenie Fyodora Keppena. T.2. Spec. chast. Pryamokrylyya, zhuki i pereponchatokrylyya. Sankt-Peterburg, Tipografiya imperatorskoj akad. nauk (in Russian).

Kiforuk, I.M. (2011). Rekomendaciyi z viroshuvannya girchici v umovah Prikarpattya. Posibnik hliboroba. Kyiv, Urozhaj, pp:216–222 (in Ukrainian).

Kirch, G., Basedow, T. (2008). The importance and control of insect pests of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape in Schleswig-Holstein, 1999–2001, and the trends of insecticide use there, 1999–2004. Mitt Dtsch Ges Allg Angew Ent, 16:327–331.

Kovalchuk, G.M. (1987). Ripak ozimij–cinna olijna i kormova kultura. Kiyiv, Urozhaj (in Ukrainian).

Kozhanchikov, I.V. (1929). K biologii Meligethus aeneus Fabr. Zashita rastenij ot vreditelej. Byull. Byuro Vserossijskih entomo-fitopatologicheskih sezdovov. Leningrad, Izd-vo Zashita Rastenij ot Vreditelej, pp:560-562 (in Russian).

Krasilovec, Yu.G. (2010). Naukovi osnovi fitosanitarnoyi bezpeki polovih kultur. Harkiv, Magda LTD, p:416 (in Ukrainian).

Krasilovec, Yu.G., Kuzmenko, N.V., Litvinov, A.Ye., Stankevich, S.V. (2011). Efektivnist protrujnikiv pri zahisti yarogo ripaku vid hrestocvitih blishok (Phyllotreta spp.) na doslidnih polyah institutu roslinnictva im. V. Ya. Yur’yeva NAANU. Biologichne riznomanittya ekosistem i suchasna strategiya zahistu roslin: Mater. Mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. konf. do 90-richchya z dnya narodzhennya d.b.n., HNAU, pp:50–52 (in Ukrainian).

Krut’, M. (2003). Kompleksnij zahist ripaku vid shkidnikiv. Propoziciya, 10:70-71 (in Ukrainian).

Kulik, A.A., Shvecova, A.N. (1940). Vrediteli selskohozyajstvennyh rastenij v Omskoj oblasti. Omsk, OGIZ–OMGIZ (in Russian).

Kuznecova, R.Ya. (1975). Raps-vysokourozhajnaya kultura. Leningrad, Kolos (in Russian).

Laba, Yu.R. (2006). Vpliv ekologichnih chinnikiv na rozvitok ripakovogo kvitkoyida (Meligethes aeneus F.) na posivah yarogo ta ozimogo ripaku. Agrarna Nauka i Osvita, T. 8:85-87 (in Ukrainian).

Lazar, T.I. (2006). Intensivna tehnologiya viroshuvannya ozimogo ripaku v Ukrayini. Kyiv: Universal-Druk (in Russian).

Leisker, J. (2007). Strategien gegen den Rapsglanzkafer. Bienen & Umwelt, 4:11-12.

Lindeman, K. (1866). Ocherki iz zhizni zhukov. Moskva, Tip. Grachyova (in Russian).

Lipa, J.J., Hokkanen, M.T. (1991). A haplosporidian Haplosporidium meligethi sp. n., and a microsporidian Nosema meligethi I. et R., two protozoan parasites from Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Acta Protozoologica, 30:217–222.

Lugovskij, K.P. (2011). Fitofagi u posivah ozimogo ta yarogo ripaku. Karantin i zahist roslin, 10:7-9 (in Ukrainian).

Maksimov, N.P. (1990). Zagotovka i hranenie semyan maslichnyh kultur. Kyiv, Urozhaj (in Russian).

Markov, V.V. (2006). Ripak yarij. Tehnologiya viroshuvannya. Sumi (in Ukrainian).

Mazur, V.O. (2009). Girchicya. Ivano-Frankivsk, Simfoniya forte (in Ukrainian).

Michel, M., Hirthe, G. (2010). Der Rapsglanzkafer fordert die Kreativitat. Gemuse-Das Magazin fur den professionellen Gartenbau, 2:14-17.

Milashenko, N.Z., Abramov, V.F. (1989). Tehnologiya vyrashivaniya i ispolzovaniya rapsa i surepicy. Moskva, VO Agropromizdat (in Russian).

Moric-Romanova, Z.E., Berezhkov, R.P., Davydov, P.N. (1941). Vrediteli i bolezni selskohozyajstvennyh rastenij Zapadnoj Sibiri i borba s nimi. Novosibirsk, OGIZ (in Russian).

Moskalyova, A.A. (1974). Dejstvie mikrobipreparatov na rapsovogo cvetoeda. Zashita Rastenij ot Vreditelej i Boleznej, T, 239:31-32 (in Russian).

Nielsen, O., Philipsen, H. (2005). Susceptibility of Meligethes spp. and Dasyneura brassicae to entomopathogenic nematodes during pupation in soil. BioControl, 50:623–634.

Nitzsche, O., Ulber, B. (1998). Einfluss differenzierter Bodenbearbeitungssysteme nach Winterraps auf die Mortalitat einiger Parasitoiden des Rapsglanzkafers (Meligethes spp.). Zeitschr Pflkr Pflschutz, 105:417-421.

Vrednyh-nasekomyh, O. (1845). Izdano uchyonym komitetom ministerstva gosudarstvennyh imushestv. Sankt-Peterburg, Tipografiya Ministerstva Gosimushestv (in Russian).

Omelyuta, V.P. (1986). Oblik shkidnikiv i hvorob silskogospodarskih kultur. Kyiv, Urozhaj (in Ukrainian).

Orobchenko, V.P. (1959). Raps ozimyj. Moskva, Selhozgiz (in Russian).

Osipov, V.G. (1986). Mery borby s krestocvetnymi bloshkami na kormovih krestocvetnyh kulturah. Zashita rastenij: sb. nauch. tr. Vyp. XI, pp:17–22 (in Russian).

Osmolovskij, G.E. (1972). Vrediteli kapusty. Leningrad, Kolos, (in Russian).

Pechatnya Yakovleva, S.P. (1913). S prilozheniem obzora vreditelej, deyatelnosti uezdnyh zemstv po borbe s vreditelyami i zhurnala soveshaniya o lugovom motylke. Harkov, Tovarishestvo (in Russian).

Ovchinnikova, L.M., Voskresenskaya, V.N. (1972). Rol mestnyh entomofagov v kompleksnoj zashite krestocvetnyh semennikov ot vreditelej. Biologicheskie metody borby s vreditelyami ovoshnyh kultur. Moskva, Kolos, pp:85-98 (in Russian).

Ovchinnikova, L.M. (1971). Glavnejshie vrediteli krestocvetnyh semennikov i opredelenie koefficienta ih vrednosti. Konf. po biocenologii i metodam uchyota chislennosti vreditelej s/h kultur i lesa: tezisy dokladov, pp:23-25 (in Russian).

Pavlovskij, E.N. (1941). Vrednye zhivotnye Srednej Azii. Moskva–Leningrad, Izd-vo AN SSSR (in Russian).

Perelik pesticidiv ta agrohimikativ dozvolenih do vikoristannya v Ukrayini na 2020 rik (2020). Kyiv, Yunivest marketing (in Ukrainian).

Pernestal, J. (2009). Molecular analysis of insecticide resistance in pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus). Uppsala, SLU, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.

Pisarenko, V.M., Gordyeyeva, O.F. (2010). Dinamika chiselnosti ripakovogo kvitkoyida (Meligethes aeneus F.) na posivah ripaku ozimogo v Livoberezhnomu Lisostepu Ukrayini. Visnik Polt Derzh Agrar Akad, 3:7-9 (in Ukrainian).

Piven, V.T. (1988). Zashita rapsa i surepicy ot vreditelej i boleznej. Tehnicheskie Kultury, 3:23-24 (in Russian).

Plavilshikov, N.N. (1994). Opredelitel nasekomyh. Kratkij opredelitel naibolee rasprostranyonnyh nasekomyh Evropejskoj chasti Rossii. Moskva, Topikal (in Russian).

Podkopayev, A. (1933). Shkidniki gorodu i zahodi borotbi z nimi. Kharkiv, Derzhsilgospvidav (in Ukrainian).

Rape seed production. (1973). Arable Crop Guide Farming Servise, pp:2-21.

Saharov, N.L. (1934). Vrediteli gorchicy i borba s nimi. Saratov, Saratovskoe kraevoe gos. izd-vo, pp:120.

Saharov, N.L. (1947). Vrednye nasekomye Nizhnego Povolzhya. Saratov, OGIZ; Saratovskoe oblastnoe izd-vo (in Russian).

Sahnenko, V.V. (2007). Agroekologichne obgrutuvannya integrovanoyi sistemi zahistu ripaku. Vinnicya: SPD Danilyuk V.G. (in Ukrainian).

Sekun, M.P. (2008). Tehnologiya viroshuvannya i zahistu ripaku. Kyiv, Globus-Print (in Ukrainian).

Shapilo, M.G. (1986). Opasnyj vreditel rapsa. Rapsovyj cvetoed. Zashita Rastenij, 5:34 (in Russian).

Shpaar, D. (2007). Chrezvychajnaya situaciya s rapsovym cvetoedom v Evrope. Zashita i Karantin Rastenij, 12:26-27 (in Russian).

Shyogolev, V.N., Znamenskij, A.V., Bej-Bienko, G.Ya. (1937). Nasekomye vredyashie polevym kulturam. 2-e izd., per. i dop. Moskva–Leningrad, Selhozgiz, (in Russian).

Snizhok, O.V. (2007). Vidovij sklad shkidnikiv ozimogo ripaku ta himichni zahodi regulyuvannya yih chiselnosti. Tezi dop. VII z’yizdu Ukr. entomol. Tovaristva, p:124 (in Ukrainian).

Snizhok, O.V. (2009). Shkidniki generativnih organiv ozimogo ripaku. Karantin i Zahitst Roslin, 12:15-16 (in Ukrainian).

Sorochinskij, L.V. (1988). Zashita rastenij i urozhaj. Minsk, Uradzhaj (in Russian).

Stankevich, S.V., Fedorenko, N.V. (2009). Dominiruyushie vidy vreditelej yarovogo rapsa i gorchicy i ih hozyajstvennoe znachenie. Mater. HI mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. ekol. konf. Vidovye populyacii i soobshestva v estestvennyh i antropogenno transformirovannyh landshaftah: sostoyanie i metody ego diagnostiki, p:189 (in Russian).

Stankevich, S.V., Fedorenko, N.V. (2011). Effektivnost insekticidov pri zashite yarovogo rapsa ot glavnejshih vreditelej do cveteniya. Nauchnye vedomosti Belgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 3:91–94 (in Russian).

Stankevich, S.V., Vilna, V.V. (2012). Vrediteli generativnyh organov yarovogo rapsa i gorchicy v vostochnoj Lesostepi Ukrainy. Mater. HII mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. ekol. konf. Strukturno-funkcionalnye izmeneniya v populyaciyah i soobshestvah na territoriyah s raznym urovnem antropogennoj nagruzki, 9:207–208 (in Russian).

Stankevich, S.V. (2011d). Vrednaya entomofauna yarovogo rapsa i gorchicy iz otryada zhestkokrylyh (Coleoptera). Mater. VIII Vserossijskoj nauch.-prakt. konf. (s mezhdunar. uchastiem). Tobolsk nauchnyj–2011, pp:69-70 (in Russian).

Stankevich, S.V. (2012). Rasteniya-rezervatory vreditelej maslichnyh krestocvetnyh kultur. Byuleten Nauchnyh Rabot BelSHA, 32:22-32 (in Russian).

Stankevich, S.V. (2015). Sezonnaya dinamika chislennosti rapsovogo cvetoeda na yarovom rapse i gorchice v vostochnoj lesostepi Ukrainy. Zashita rastenij. Sbornik Nauchnyh Trudov, 39:197–203 (in Russian).

Stankevich, S.V., Beleckij E.N., Zabrodina I.V. (2019). Ciklicheski-nelinejnaya dinamika prirodnyh sistem i problemy prognozirovaniya. Vankuver, Accent Graphics Communications and Publishing. Vankuver, pp:232 (in Russian).

Stankevich, S.V., Beleckij, E.N., Zabrodina, I.V. (2019). Ciklicheski-nelinejnaya dinamika prirodnyh sistem i problemy prognozirovaniya: monografiya. Vankuver, Accent Graphics Communications and Publishing (in Russian).

Stankevych S.V., Yevtushenko M.D., Vilna V.V. (2020). Dominant pests of spring rape and mustard in the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine and ecologic protection from them: monograph. Kharkiv, Publishing House I.Ivanchenko.

Stankevych, S.V., Fedorenko, N.V. (2009). Protruyuvannya nasinnya yak pershij zahid zahistu yarogo ripaku vid shkidnikiv. Tezi dop. Mizhnar. nauk. konf. studentiv, aspirantiv i molodih vchenih. Ekologizaciya Stalogo Rozvitku Agrosferi i Noosferna Perspektiva Informacijnogo Suspilstva 1:117 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V., Fedorenko, N.V. (2010). Shkidliva entomofauna ripaku j girchici na doslidnomu poli HNAU im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Tezi dop. entomol. nauk. konf., prisvyachenoyi 60-j richnici stvorennya Ukrayinskogo entomologichnogo tovaristva. Suchasni Problemi Entomologiyi, p:169 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V., Vilna, V.V. (2012). Zalezhnist laboratornoyi shozhosti nasinnya yarogo ripaku vid peredposivnogo obrobitku insektofungicidnimi sumishami. Introdukciya, selekciya ta zahist roslin. Mater. III mizhnar. nauk. konf, p:169 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2010). Zahist girchici biloyi vid ripakovogo kvitkoyida na doslidnomu poli HNAU im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Tezi dop. Mizhnar. nauk. konf. studentiv, aspirantiv i molodih vchenih. Ekologizaciya stalogo rozvitku agrosferi i noosferna perspektiva informacijnogo suspilstva. Zhovtnya, pp:104-105 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2011a). Biologichni osoblivosti ripakovogo kvitkoyida v umovah Harkivskoyi oblast. «Aktualni problemi prirodnichih ta gumanitarnih nauk u doslidzhennyah molodih vchenih. Zb. mater. HIII Vseukr. nauk. konf. molodih vchenih. Seriya prirodnichi ta komp’yuterni nauki, pp:91-93 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2011b). Fitofagi olijnih kapustyanih kultur v umovah Harkivskogo rajonu. Mater. V Vseukr. nauk.–prakt. konf. molodih uchenih. Ekologichni Problemi Silskogospodarskogo Virobnictva, pp:178–179 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2011c). Biologichni osoblivosti hrestocvitih blishok ta ripakovogo kvitkoyida v umovah Harkivskoyi oblasti. Fundamentalni ta prikladni doslidzhennya v biologiyi: Mater. II Mizhnar. nauk. konf. studentiv, aspirantiv ta molodih uchenih, pp:62–63 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2012a). Roslini-rezervatori ripakovogo kvitkoyida. Mater. X mizhnar. nauk. konf. studentiv ta molodih naukovciv. Shevchenkivska vesna 2012, pp:289–290 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2012b). Roslini-rezervatori kapustyanih blishok. Suchasni problemi biologiyi, ekologiyi ta himiyi. Zb. mater. III Mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. konf, prisvyachenoyi 25-richchyu biol. fak-tu, pp:167–168 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2012c). Vrediteli vshodov maslichnyh krestocvetnyh kultur v usloviyah vostochnoj Lesostepi Ukrainy. Mater. XIV sezda Russkogo entomologicheskogo obshestva 27 avgusta–1 sentyabrya 2012 g, p:408 (in Russian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2012d). Vidovoj sostav kompleksa krestocvetnyh bloshek v vostochnoj Lesostepi Ukrainy. XV Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. Sovremennye tehnologii s.-h. proizvodstva 18 maya 2012, pp:173–175 (in Russian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2012e). Bagatorichna sezonna dinamika chiselnosti kapustyanih blishok v umovah Harkivskogo rajonu. Dinamika bioriznomanittya 2012: zb. Nauk Prac, pp:108–109 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2012f). Efektivnist zahistu ripaku j girchici vid ripakovogo kvitkoyidu na doslidnomu poli HNAU im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Tezi dop. Mizhnar. nauk. konf. studentiv, aspirantiv i molodih vchenih. Ekologizaciya stalogo rozvitku agrosferi i noosferna perspektiva informacijnogo suspilstva. Harkiv: HNAU, pp:170–171 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2012g). Specializovani shkidniki ripaku j girchici u Harkivskomu rajoni. Materiali mizhnarodnoyi naukovo-praktichnoyi Internet-konferenciyi. Prikladna nauka ta innovacijnij shlyah rozvitku nacionalnogo virobnictva. Ternopil, pp:47–48 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2012h). Zastosuvannya mikrobiopreparatu aktofit v poyednanni z insekticidom biskaya proti ripakovogo kvitkoyidu u fenofazu zhovtogo butonu. Visnik Harkivskogo nacionalnogo agrarnogo universitetu im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Seriya "Fitopatologiya ta entomologiya", 12:115–122 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2014). Yakisni pokazniki nasinnya ripaku yarogo zalezhno vid protruyuvannya ta poshkodzhennya lichinkami ripakovogo kvitkoyida. Visnik HNAU im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Ser. "Fitopatologiya ta entomologiya", 8:114–120. (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V. (2018). Zmina paradigmi u zahisti olijnih kapustyanih kultur vid ripakovogo kvitkoyida za ostanni 140 rokiv. Visnik HNAU im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Ser. "Fitopatologiya ta entomologiya", pp:127-145 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V., Baidyk, H.V., Lezhenina, I.P. (2019). Wandering of mass reproduction of harmful insects within the natural habitat. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9:578–583.

Stankevych, S.V., Biletskyj, Ye.M., Golovan, L.V. (2020). Polycyclic character, synchronism and nonlinearity of insect population dynamics and prognostication problem: monograph. Kharkiv: Publishing House I. Ivanchenko, 2020.

Stankevych, S.V., Biletskyj, Ye.M., Zabrodina, I.V. (2020). Prognostication algorithms and predictability ranges of mass reproduction of harmful insects according to the method of nonliner dynamics. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:37–42.

Stankevych, S.V., Biletskyj, Ye.M., Zabrodina, I.V. (2020). Cycle populations dynamics of harmful insects. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:147–161.

Stankevych, S.V., Biletskyj, Ye.M., Zabrodina, I.V. (2020). Prognostication in plant protection. Review of the past, present and future of nonliner dynamics method. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:225–234.

Stankevych, S.V., Teslina, V.V., Ozhga, I.I. (2010). Vnesennya dobriv yak neobhidnij element integrovanogo zahistu olijnih kapustyanih kultur. Tezi dop. Mizhnar. nauk. konf. studentiv, aspirantiv i molodih vchenih. Ekologizaciya stalogo rozvitku agrosferi i noosferna perspektiva informacijnogo suspilstva. Zhovtnya, pp:102–103 (in Ukrainian).

Stankevych, S.V., Vasylieva, Yu.V., Golovan, L.V. (2019). Chronicle of insect pests massive reproduction. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9:262-274.

Stankevych, S.V., Vilna, V.V., Zabrodina, I.V. (2021). Efficiency of chemical protection of spring rape and mustard from cruciferous bugs. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11:52-59.

Stankevych, S.V., Vilna, V.V., Zabrodina, I.V. (2021). Harmfulness of cruciferous bugs. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11:417-428.

Stankevych, S.V., Yevtushenko, M.D., Vilna, V.V. (2019). Integrated pest management of flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9:198–207.

Stankevych, S.V., Yevtushenko, M.D., Vilna, V.V. (2019). Efficiency of chemical protection of spring rape and mustard from rape blossom beetle. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9:584–598.

Stankevych, S.V., Yevtushenko, M.D., Zabrodina, I.V. (2020). Pests of oil producing cabbage crops in the eastern forest–steppe of Ukraine. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10:223–232.

Stankevych, S.V., Yevtushenko, M.D., Zabrodina, І.V. (2019). V.V. Dokuchaiev Scientific school of Kharkiv National Agrarian University and development agricultural entomology in XIX–XXI centuries. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9:170–178.

Stefanovskij, V.V., Majstrenko, G.S. (1990). Intensivnaya tehnologiya proizvodstva rapsa. Moskva, Rosagropromizdat (in Russian).

Sundgren, A. (2008). Hallbar anvandning av vaxtskyddsmedel-forslag till handlingsprogram. Jordbrux Verket.

Susurluk, A. (2005). Establishment and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. CAU Kiel, pp:199–205.

Sytnyk, I.D. (1997). Ozimij ripak:urazhenist roslin patogenam, zalezhno vid stupenya poshkodzhenosti najbilsh nebezpechnimi shkidnikami kulturi. Zahist Roslin, 9:12 (in Ukrainian).

Sytnyk, I.D. (2008). Tehnologiya viroshuvannya ozimogo i yarogo ripaka. Posibnik Hliboroba, pp:77–90 (in Ukrainian).

Szith, R. (2009). Handbuch fur den Sachkundenachweis im Pflanzenschutz. Wien, Osterreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur integrierten Pflanzenschutz.

Teuteberg, W. (1973). Umstellung Im Rapsanbau Aktuelles Acker–Pflanzenbau. Oldenburg, 1:57–67.

Tuzlukova, A.P. (1989). Effektivnost sovmestnogo primeneniya isekticidov s mikroelementami v zashite rapsa. Sb. nauch. tr. Zashita rastenij v usloviyah intensifikacii selskohozyajstvennogo proizvodstva. Leningrad, pp:25–27 (in Russian).

Vasilev, V.P. (1988). Vrediteli selskohozyajstvennyh kultur i lesnyh nasazhdenij. T.2. Vrednye chlenistonogie, pozvonochnye. Izd. 2-e ispr. i dop. Kyiv, Urozhaj (in Russian).

Vasilev, V.P. (1987). Vrediteli selskohozyajstvennyh kultur i lesnyh nasazhdenij. T.1. Vrednye nematody, mollyuski, chlenistonogie. Izd. 2-e ispr. i dop. Kyiv, Urozhaj (in Russian).

Vilinskiy, T.V. (1974). Zasady jarrneho osetro vania repky Ozimnej. Poda Uroda, 21:16-18.

Vlasenko, N.G., Kulagin, O.V. (1993). Lovchie kultury na rapsovom pole. Zashita Rastenij, 6:48 (in Russian).

Vlasenko, N.G. (1997). Rapsovyj cvetoed. Zashita i karantin rastenij, 8:47 (in Russian).

Voskresenskaya, V.N. (1973). Estestvennye entomofagi i ih mesto v sisteme zashity semennikov ovoshnyh krestocvetnyh kultur ot glavnejshih vreditelej: avtoref. dis. kand. biol. nauk. Moskva (in Russian).

Wivstad, M. (2010). Klimatforandringarna–en utmaning for jordbruket och Giftfri miljo. Uppsala: Kemikalieinspektionen.

Yakovlyev, R.V. (2007). Efektivnist insekticidiv pri riznih metodah yih zastosuvannya proti shkidnikiv shodiv girchici. Nauk.-tehn. byul. IOK UAAN, Vip. 12:263–266 (in Ukrainian).

Yeshenko, V.O. (2010). Tehnologiya viroshuvannya ripaka yarogo v Lisostepu Ukrayini. Uman, Vidavec Sochinskij (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko M.D., Stankevych S.V., Vilna V.V. (2014). Hrestocviti blishki, ripakovij kvitkoyid na ripaku yaromu j girchici u Shidnomu Lisostepu Ukrayini, Harkiv, Majdan (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko M.D., Vilna V.V., Stankevich S.V. (2016). Hrestocviti klopi na ripaku yaromu j girchici u Shidnomu Lisostepu Ukrayini, Harkiv, FOP Brovin O.V. (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko, M.D., Stankevych, S.V. (2009). Fitofagi ozimogo ta yarogo ripaku j girchici na doslidnomu poli HNAU im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Zb. dop. VIII mizhnar. nauk. konf. aspirantiv i studentiv Ohorona navkolishnogo seredovisha ta racionalne vikoristannya prirodnih resursiv, Travnya, pp:14-15 (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko, M.D., Stankevych, S.V. (2010). Deyaki biologichni osoblivosti ripakovogo kvitkoyida ta efektivnist insekticidiv u fenofazu zhovtogo butona. Visnik Harkivskogo nacionalnogo agrarnogo universitetu im. V. V. Dokuchayeva. Seriya "Fitopatologiya ta Entomologiya", 1:40–47 (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko, M.D., Stankevych, S.V. (2011). Efektivnist protrujnikiv pri zahisti shodiv yarogo ripaku vid kompleksu hrestocvitih blishok. Visnik Harkivskogo nacionalnogo agrarnogo universitetu im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Seriya "Fitopatologiya ta entomologiya", 9:63–68 (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko, M.D., Fedorenko, N.V., Stankevych, S.V. (2007). Osnovni shkidniki olijnih kapustyanih kultur na doslidnomu poli HNAU im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Mater. dop. Mizhnar. nauk. konf. studentiv, aspirantiv i molodih vchenih. Ekologizaciya stalogo rozvitku agrosferi i noosferna perspektiva informacijnogo suspilstva. Harkiv, HNAU, pp:239–240 (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko, M.D., Fedorenko, N.V., Stankevych, S.V. (2008). Vidovij sklad ta dinamika chiselnosti osnovnih shkidnikiv olijno-kapustyanih kultur u Harkivskij oblasti. Visnik Harkivskogo nacionalnogo agrarnogo universitetu im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Seriya "Entomologiya ta fitopatologiya", 8:47–54 (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko, M.D., Stankevych, S.V., Fedorenko, N.V. (2009). Efektivnist insekticidiv pri zahisti yarogo ripaku vid blishok (Phylotretta spp.) ta klopiv (Eurydema spp.) do cvitinnya. Visnik Harkivskogo nacionalnogo agrarnogo universitetu im. V.V. Dokuchayeva. Seriya "Entomologiya ta fitopatologiya", 8:39–43 (in Ukrainian).

Yevtushenko, N.D., Stankevich, S.V. (2012). Sezonnaya dinamika chislennosti rapsovogo cvetoeda, Meligethes aeneus (F., 1775) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) na yarovom rapse i gorchice v Harkovskom rajone Izvestiya Harkovskogo entomologicheskogo obshestva, 2:65-68 (in Russian).

Yevtushenko, N.D., Stankevych, S.V. (2011). Roslini-rezervatori osnovnih shkidnikiv olijnih kapustyanih kultur. Visti Harkivskogo Entomologichnogo Tovaristva. 2:71–76 (in Ukrainian).

Zajcev, P.I. (1987). Sistema zashity yarovogo rapsa. Zashita Rastenij, 8:30 (in Russian).

Zambin, I.M., Turaev, N.S., Shumilenko, E.P. (1953). Vrediteli i bolezni selskohozyajstvennyh kultur. Sverdlovsk, Kn. izd-vo (in Russian).

Zhuravskij, V.S., Sekun, M.P. (2007). Himichnij metod obmezhennya chiselnosti osnovnih shkidnikiv yarogo ripaku. Nauk Tehn Byul In-tu Olijnih Kultur UAAN, 12:188–192 (in Ukrainian).

Zhuravskij, V.S., Sekun, M.P., Skripnik, O.V. (2007). Insekticidi proti hrestocvitih blishok na yaromu ripaku. Zahist i karantin Roslin: Mizhvid Temat Nauk zb, 53:59-63 (in Ukrainian).