Antihelminthic effects of active substances moxidectin and praziquantel

Author info »

Introduction

The modern anti-episotic measures in parasitic animal diseases include continuous monitoring and predicting outbreaks of invasive diseases, their diagnosis, and treatment (Sharma et al., 2015; Momčilović et al., 2019). This program has a special meaning in the dilution and maintenance of domestic animals (Dysko et al., 2002; Stull et al., 2013).

To date, the role and importance of pets for people have changed somewhat. For most animals in the megalopolis, guarding the premises and fishing rodents is not the main one, and their social function is becoming increasingly important (Hajek & König, 2020; Koyasu et al., 2020; Menchetti et al., 2020). However, there are several risks of infection for humans with causative agents of zoonotic infections from animals through some household trends (direct contact, random bites) (Damborg et al., 2016; Iannino et al., 2018).

In order to minimize the risks of infection of people and ensuring the epizootological well-being of animals, it is necessary to comply with the recommendations on the responsible maintenance of domestic animals, including modern hygiene practice, breeding, feeding, content and mental and physical problems, relevant animal biology (Overgaauw et al., 2020).

Despite the success achieved in the fight against animal diseases and today, there is an acute issue of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of helminthiasis (Paliy et al., 2021c), reserving environmental objects in order to destroy exogenous steps of parasite development (Paliy et al., 2020a; 2020c). The uncontrolled increase in the number of homeless animals on the streets causes widespread pollution of the environment with exogenous forms of helminths, in turn, causes the spread of invasive diseases among pets (Otranto et al., 2019; Paliy et al., 2019).

Thus, it is reported to a significant role of helminthous invasion among domestic carnivorous animals (dogs, cats) compared to other diseases (Capelli et al., 2018; Anvari et al., 2019). Numerous studies have found that extensively domestic carnivores with toxocarosis, toxascariosis, anсylostomosis, echinococcosis, dipilidiosis, and teniosis in various climatic and landscape-geographical regions is 50-100% (Capelli et al., 2018).

According to its biology, the parasites of animals differ within one species. However, they all harm the host organism (Råberg et al., 2009; Modis, 2012). The most widespread causative agents of helminthiases of dogs and cats in the world of cestodes (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia pisiformis, T. hydatigera, Hydatigera taeiniaeformis, Echinococcus granulosus, Multiceps multicept, E. multilocularis)and nematods(Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara mystax) (Cholewiński et al., 2015; Otranto et al., 2019). Mixed helminthiases of carnivorous make up a significant part of all cases of parasitic diseases. Therefore, their therapy is constantly relevant (Khasnis et al., 2005; de Azevedo et al., 2009; Paliy et al., 2021a).

Given the considerable sanitary, epidemiological, and epizootological importance of helminths, the leading importance acquires timely diagnosis and liquidation of parasitic animal diseases (Saini et al., 2016; Paliy et al., 2018) by applying modern, highly efficient drugs (Woods et al., 2011; Monzote, 2014; Paliy et al., 2020b). Today, the pharmaceutical industry is focused on expanding the spectrum of anti-helminth drugs and improving existing drugs (Geary et al., 2004; McKerrow & Lipinski, 2017; Arion et al., 2018).

For drugs that are used in parasitic animal diseases, sufficiently high demands are put forward; first of all, they must be adequate, non-toxic, and have a wide range of action (Monzote, 2014; Shkromada et al., 2019). The active substance of any anti-helminth preparations has a spectrum of biological action and effectiveness for some pathogens (Geary & Thompson, 2003; Rana & Misra-Bhattacharya, 2013).

A comprehensive approach to preventive and therapeutic measures provides for studying the resistance of parasites to anthelmintic drugs, synthesizing new drugs of a wide range of effects, and high-quality disinfection of premises.

Materials and Methods

The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of antiparasitic drugs of a different dosage form containing the same active ingredients on dogs and cats of different ages and breeds. In experiments, preparations of domestic production were used:

preparation No. 1 – tablets from white to milk color, 1 tablet (0.25 g) contains active substances: moxidectin – 2.5 mg and praziquantel – 50 mg auxiliary substances: starch, calcium stearate, flavoring, lactose.

preparation No. 2 – is a suspension from white to gray with a specific odor of components, 1 ml of the drug contains active substances: moxidectin – 0.5 mg and praziquantel – 10 mg. Auxiliary substances: xanthan gum, potassium sorbet, bentonite, glycerin, and purified water.

Moxidectin is a semi-synthetic compound of milbemycin groups (macrocyclic lactones), active concerning larvae and adult nematodes. It increases the permeability of the membranes for chlorine ions, suppresses the electrical activity of helminths nerve cells, and causes innervation violation, paralysis, and parasite death (Milton et al., 2020). Moxidectin is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, penetrates the systemic bloodstream, and is distributed in the organs and tissues of the animal organism, especially focusing in adipose tissue; excreted mainly with feces (Cobb & Boeckh, 2009).

Praziquantel – Pyrazicohinolin derivative acts on most types of cestodes and trematodes at all stages of development. The mechanism of action lies in depolarization of neuromuscular ganglia, violation of the transportation of glucose and microtubular function in cestodes and trematodes, which leads to paralysis and death of parasites and contributes to their excretion from the animal organism (Cioli & Pica-Mattoccia, 2003; Doenhoff et al., 2008). Praziquantel is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, reaching the maximum concentration in the blood plasma after 1-3 hours, and is distributed in the organs and tissues of the animal organism. In part, it is released back into the intestinal lumen, which makes it effective against parasites in the intestinal wall. It is almost completely metabolized in the liver and is excreted within 24 hours, mainly with the urine (Zwang & Olliaro, 2014).

Preparations were used with prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in helminths invasion of pets.

Clinical studies of the drug on dogs and cats to study the therapeutic effect were carried out in the following directions: clinical examination of animals, establishing a preliminary diagnosis, taking diseases of feces for laboratory research, continuous clinical observation of the physiological state of experimental animals; microscopic tests of samples by definition in biological material of pathogens of helminthiasis, their identification, establishing the extensiveness of invasion in dogs and cats; the formation of experimental and control groups of animals; the introduction of drugs, individually, the content of animals, taking samples of feces for a laboratory study after 5, 10, 15 days and 1 month after the last use of drugs; daily clinical examination of the health status of experimental animals during the entire experiment.

Experimental animals: dogs (n=12) of various breeds, with different weight of cats' body (n=22) of various rocks with different body weights.

Venue: The work was performed in the laboratory of veterinary sanitation and the parasitology of the National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine" and in the animal shelter "The Society for the Protection of Animals "Friendship" (Balakley, region Kharkiv).

During the studies, laboratory dishes, microscopes, refrigerators, centrifuge, Petri dishes, substantive and coating glasses, reagents for microscopic studies (glycerin, Lugol solution, sodium chloride are used. Following the tasks assigned, the experiments were carried out by applying visual and microscopic research methods (Robinson & Dalton, 2009; Sepulveda & Kinsella, 2013; Jiménez et al., 2016; Idris et al., 2019).

The intensity of invasion was determined by counting the number of eggs of helminths in 1 g of feces.

With experienced animals, two groups were formed, 6 dogs and 11 cats each, and created identical conditions of detention and content. Drug No. 1 was used individually orally, in the morning hours of feeding with a small amount of feed or was injected into the root of the language at the rate of 1 tablet by 10 kg of body weight of the animal (which corresponds to the therapeutic concentration of 0.25 mg of moxidectin and 5 mg of praziquantel per 1 kg of mass bodies of the animal). Drug No. 2 was used individually orally, in the morning hours of feeding with a small amount of feed or was injected into the root of the tongue with a syringe dispenser at the rate of 0.5 ml of the drug per 1 kg of body weight of the animal (which corresponds to the therapeutic concentration of 0.25 mg moxidectin and 5 mg of praziquantel per 1 kg of body weight of the animal). With therapeutic purpose, the determination of animals was performed twice with an interval of 10-14 days.

Preparations of animals were injected individually in doses corresponding to animal species and mass.

Accounting for research results were carried out after 5, 10, 15, and 30 days after treatment while considering the clinical state of animals, the presence of helminth eggs in feces samples. We determined the change in the extensiveness of the invasion after the use of drugs.

The study of feces samples for the presence of helminth eggs was carried out in a native smear, flotation method according to Fulleborne, and precipitation according to GOST26283 (ST SEV 2647-80) using a light microscope for an increase (×100). The detected eggs of helminths were identified by increasing (×400).

Along with this flotation method, it was investigated by flushed from places where exporting animals were kept (samples were taken from dishes, walls, and gender). The extensiveness of invasion was determined concerning the number of positive samples of feces, in which helminth eggs were revealed to the total number of samples multiplied by 100.

It should be noted that the Balaclesky District of the Kharkiv region of Ukraine is disadvantaged by Dirofilaria of animals and people. Therefore, there was a selection of blood samples from dogs and cats for parasitological studies. The blood test for the presence of microfilariae was carried out by direct microscopy of a drop of fresh blood under a slight increase in the microscope (×10) – the easiest, convenient and fast method of diagnosis of Dirofilaria. The movable parasite larvae are noticeable by their active movement between erythrocytes. Also used concentration methods of research (modified KNOTT method). The KNOTT test discovers all the microfilariae available in the blood regardless of the genus and species (it may not only represent the kind of Dirofilaria). The method is as follows: 10 ml of 2.0% solution of formalin was added to 1 ml of venous blood. This solution was well stirred and centrifuged at 1500 across./min for 5 minutes. The supernatant was removed, and the precipitate was mixed with an equal volume of methylene blue in dilution 1:1000 and left for staining for 5 minutes. The microscopy of the sediment was performed to identify fixed microfilariae (Knott, 1939; Weil & Ramzy, 2007). The microscopic identification of the larvae Dirofilaria L1 was performed in a native blood smear and serum. Several milliliters of venous blood from the animal was poured into the test tube to explore the serum. When blood is coagulated, microfilariae migrate to serum. Blood serum with clot was settled in a tube for 2 hours. After that, a parser pipette was taken by several droplets of the serum from the bottom of the test tube or the scene on the border of the serum and the blood bunch. These drops were placed on the slide, covered with a cover, and investigated under a slight increase in the microscope for the presence of moving microfilaria (Chungpivat & Taweethavonsawat, 2008).

The extent efficiency (EE) of drugs was calculated from the number of treated animals in percent.

The statistical processing of the results of studies was carried out by determining the average arithmetic (M), the statistical error of the average arithmetic (m).

Experiments conducted on animals do not contradict international bioethics standards (materials of the IV European Convention on the Protection of Vertebles Animals used for experimental and other purposes (Strasbourg, 1985) (Council Directive 86/609 /EEC).

Results and Discussion

As a result of a clinical examination of sick dogs and cats, we registered animal weight loss, digestive disorders, soft wool. With satisfactory feeding, animals did not gain weight; young individuals did not grow. We took the feces from these animals for laboratory testing (Table 1). In the room where the animals were kept, we made the flushes to study contamination with exogenous forms of helminths.

Table 1. Determination of the extensiveness and intensity of helminths invasion (qualitative and quantitative composition) in dogs (n=12) and cats (n=22)

In parallel, the sampling of blood samples from dogs and cats for parasitological studies for the presence of microfilariae was taken (Table 2).

Table 2. Determination of extensiveness and intensity of Microfilaria invasion in dogs (n=12) and cats (n=22)

According to the study results (Table 1), Dipylidium caninum monoinvasion we found in 3 dogs, 25% of the invasive, the Toxocara canis monoinvasion we also found in 2 dogs, it is 16.7%. Monoinvasion microfilarias detected in 1 dog – 8.3%. Mixinvasion helminths we found in 6 animals, which is 50%. Dipylidium caninum mono-invasions were discovered only in 2 cats, 9.1%, and Toxocara mystax – 6 animals, 27.3%. Monoinvasion microfilariae from cats we not found. Invasion two types of helminths we found in 10 animals, 45.5%, three species of 4 animals – 18.2%. So, the mixing of cats occurred at 13.7% more often. The greatest extensiveness of invasion in dogs was Cestoda Dipylidium caninum – 50% with the intensity of invasion 132±10 eggs in 1 g of feces, in cat's Nematoda Toxocara mystax – 54.5% for II – 30±15 eggs in 1 g of feces.

In addition to studying samples of biological material from animals, the level of contamination of objects in the shelter for pets with helminths eggs was determined (Table 3).

Table 3. Determination of extensiveness and intensity of contamination with exogenous forms of helminths in premises by animal maintenance

According to the results of the studies (Table 3), it was found that the most contaminated helminths eggs in the dog maintenance rooms are floor and equipment, and in the cat maintenance room – equipment and trays with different intensity of invasion.

The study of the therapeutic effectiveness of the test preparations in dog and cat helminthiasis after their treatment is shown in Tables 4 & 5.

Table 4. Study of the therapeutic effectiveness of the studied drugs on dogs

Table 5. Study of the therapeutic effectiveness of the studied drugs on cats

After the use of drugs in dogs, increased individual sensitivity was not noted.

The presence of segments of Dipylidium caninum was revealed for ten days. After using anthelmintic drugs in dogs, the extensiveness of invasion decreased by 83.3%. Mean infection intensity decreased by 65.3% and 72.4%, respectively, to mean infection intensity before treatment. From 10 days to 30 days of observation in animal feces, helminths eggs were not found; therefore, the extent efficiency of the drugs is 100%.

After using drugs in four cats, hypersalivation was observed, which disappeared after 15 minutes, and then they were noted for drowsiness, lack of appetite; the animals did not approach food but drank much water during the first day. Deviation of sexually mature forms of helminths with feces was observed in animals from day 2 to 6; no complications or changes in the clinical condition of experimental animals were observed from 2 days onwards. The extensiveness of invasion in cats decreased by 95.5% after using anthelmintic drugs. The average invasion intensity decreased by 63.7% and 63.6%, respectively, to the average intensity of invasion before processing. From 10 days to 30 days, observations in the animal feces have not detected helminths eggs; therefore, the extent efficiency of drugs is 100%.

The summary of the results was established that the extension of the studied drugs in the determination of dogs and cats during mono and mixing of helminths was 100%. The study of the samples of flushes from the animal enclosures for the presence of exogenous forms of helminths is presented in Table 6.

Table 6. Determination of extensiveness and intensity of contamination with exogenous forms of helminths in premises by animal maintenance

As can be seen from Table 6, the 5th day after deworming of contamination with exogenous forms of helminth in the rooms where animals are kept is reduced, and no exogenous forms of helminths were found in the rooms for experimental and control animals from 10 to 30 days. Reducing the contamination by exogenous forms of helminths in the premises, where they contained cats, passed more intensively. In our opinion, this is because cats were quickly freed from sexually mature forms of helminths, and they also lack manifestations of coprophagy. Animals found microfilariae in blood strokes were processed twice with an interval of 10 days, but rare microfilariae detected up to 15 days in the smears; for 30 days, microfilariae in the blood did not detect (Table 7).

Table 7. Study of the therapeutic effectiveness of investigated preparations on animal invasion Microfilaria

In April, the animals were injected once with drugs. In April, May, and early June, there was no microfilaria in blood samples of experimental and control animals. Summarizing the results is determined that the extent efficiency (EE) of research drugs in treating and preventing dirofilariasis is 100%.

Angiostrongylus vasorum did not reveal in our studies, as the area of this pathogen is Western Europe (United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain), infection Ancylostoma tubaeforme is inherent in the wild species of the Feline family. Invasion Echinococcus granulosis and Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia spp. they are found among shepherds and service dogs, which are fed the waste of slaughter of animals. Invasion of trematodes (Opisthorchis spp.) was not found in dogs and cats since these helminthiases are characteristic of animals living near reservoirs and eating fish. Invasion by cestodes (Mesocestoides spp.) is found in carnivores and can move in wildlife and catches small vertebrates. In dogs and cats in Europe and Ukraine, invasion is more common in rural areas, where animals are infected by invasive rodents (Crosbie et al., 2000).

According to foreign authors of praziquantel, it has an influential effect against these pathogens (Schimmel et al., 2009; Shepherd et al., 2018; Vienažindienė et al., 2018). Along with this, other researchers have also established the high therapeutic efficacy of drugs developed based on moxidectin and praziquantel in nematodes and cestodes of dogs and cats of different age groups (Arisov et al. 2015; 2016). It has also been established that these drugs are used when used in double and five times an increased therapeutic dose for seven days do not show a negative effect on the general condition of animals, their physiological status and behavior, do not change the morphological composition of blood and physicochemical indicators of urine (Arisov et al., 2015). It was registered that the combination of moxidectin and albendazole exceeds the action of only one moxidectin (Keller et al., 2020). It has been proven that moxidectin is safe and well-tolerated by humans when used in a dose of 3 mg to 36 mg (Cotreau et al., 2003). In addition to the planned and forced deworming of domestic animals, veterinary and sanitary measures to combat ectoparasites of animals are necessary (Taylor, 2001; Pereira et al., 2016; Paliy et al., 2021c), disinfection (Rodan & Sparkes, 2012; Sykes & Weese, 2014; Paliy et al., 2020a) and the eradication of synanthropic rodents (Leirs et al., 2001; Mikhail & Hasan, 2016; Paliy et al., 2021b).

Conclusion

Are diagnosed for a dog which contains in an animal's shelter as mono- and mixed invasions by helminths Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala in the extensiveness of an invasion from 8.3 to 50% and intensity of an invasion from 3 to 50% and intensity of invasion from 15±10 to 132±10 eggs of helminths in 1 g of feces. Cats are diagnosed with Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara mystax, Toxascaris Leonina, Toxocara mystax, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis on the extensiveness of invasion from 4.5 to 36.4% and intensity of invasion from 15±10 to 105±5 eggs of helminths in 1 g of feces. Infection of dogs and cats by microfilariae with an invasion intensity of 33.3% and 18.2%, respectively, was established. The objects most contaminated with helminths eggs in pet premises are floor and inventory in pollution intensity from 2.5±0.5 to 4.5±2.5 eggs of helminths in 1 sample.

We established that antiparasitic agents containing moxidectin and praziquantel in their composition are effective antihelminthics during cestodes, nematodes, trematodes, and mixed invasions of dogs and cats independently of the dosage form (tablets, suspension). The test drugs may be administered to the animal to deworm individually orally, during the morning feeding hours with a small amount of fodder, or forced on the root of the tongue is administered at a dose corresponding to a therapeutic concentration of 0.25 mg of moxidectin and 5 mg of praziquantel per 1 kg of animal body weight.

References

Anvari, D., Saadati, D., Siyadatpanah, A., & Gholami, S. (2019). Prevalence of dirofilariasis in shepherd and stray dogs in Iranshahr, southeast of Iran. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 43, 319-323. doi: 10.1007/s12639-019-01096-5

Arion, A., Fernández-Varón, E., Cárceles, C. M., Gagyi, L., & Ognean, L. (2018). Pharmacokinetics of praziquantel and pyrantel pamoate combination following oral administration in cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 20(10), 900-904. doi: 10.1177/1098612X17734065

Arisov, M. V., Indyuhova, E. N., Kuznetsova, E. A., Arisova, G. B., & Smirnova, E. S. (2015). Gelmental tablets is a new integrated drug based on Moxidectin and Praziquantel for the treatment of endoparasites dogs. Scientific notes of the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, 223(3), 12-15. (In Russian)

Arisov, M. V., Smirnova E. S., Arisova G. B., Stepanov V. A., & Poselov D. S. (2016). The study on tolerability and efficacy of the new complex drug «Helmintal tablets» based on moxidectin and praziquantel. Russian Journal of Parasitology, 37(3), 403-408. doi: 10.12737/21664. (In Russian)

Capelli, G., Genchi, C., Baneth, G., Bourdeau, P., Brianti, E., Cardoso, L., Danesi, P., Fuehrer, H-P., Giannelli, A., Ionică, A. M., Maia, C., Modrý, D., Montarsi, F., Krücken, J., Papadopoulos, E., Petrić, D., Pfeffer, M., Savić, S., Otranto, D., Poppert, S., & Silaghi, C. (2018). Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 663. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3205-x

Cholewiński, M., Derda, M., & Hadaś, E. (2015). Parasitic diseases in humans transmitted by vectors. Ann Parasitol., 61(3), 137-157. doi: 10.17420/ap6103.01.

Chungpivat, S., & Taweethavonsawat, P. (2008). The differentiation of microfilariae in dogs and cats using Giemsa's staining and the detection of acid phosphatase activity. J Thai Vet Pract., 20, 47-55.

Cioli, D., & Pica-Mattoccia, L. (2003). Praziquantel. Parasitol Res., 90(Supp 1), 3-9. doi: 10.1007/s00436-002-0751-z

Cobb, R., & Boeckh, A. (2009). Moxidectin: a review of chemistry, pharmacokinetics and use in horses. Parasites & vectors, 2(Suppl 2), 5. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-S2-S5

Cotreau, M. M., Warren, S., Ryan, J. L., Fleckenstein, L., Vanapalli, S. R., Brown, K. R., Rock, D., Chen, C. Y., & Schwertschlag, U. S. (2003). The antiparasitic moxidectin: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in humans. J Clin Pharmacol., 43(10), 1108-1115. doi: 10.1177/0091270003257456

Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Offic. J. Eur. Comm. 1986.  L 358. Р. 1-29.

Crosbie, P. R., Nadler, S. A., Platzer, E. G., Kerner, C., Mariaux, J., & Boyce, W. M. (2000). Molecular systematics of Mesocestoides spp. (cestoda: Mesocestoididae) from domestic dogs (canis familiaris) and coyotes (canis latrans). The Journal of Parasitology., 86(2), 350-357. doi: 10.2307/3284781

Damborg, P., Broens, E. M., Chomel, B. B., Guenther, S., Pasmans, F., Wagenaar, J. A., Weese, J. S., Wieler, L. H., Windahl, U., Vanrompay, D., & Guardabassi, L. (2016). Bacterial Zoonoses Transmitted by Household Pets: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives for Targeted Research and Policy Actions. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 155(1), 27-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.03.004

de Azevedo, W. F. Jr., Dias, R., Timmers, L. F., Pauli, I., Caceres, R. A., & Soares, M. B. (2009). Bioinformatics tools for screening of antiparasitic drugs. Curr Drug Targets., 10(3), 232-239. doi: 10.2174/138945009787581122

Doenhoff, M. J., Cioli, D., & Utzinger, J. (2008). Praziquantel: mechanisms of action, resistance and new derivatives for schistosomiasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis., 21(6), 659-667. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328318978f

Dysko, R. C., Nemzek, J. A., Levin, S. I., DeMarco, G. J., & Moalli, M. R. (2002). Biology and Diseases of Dogs. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 395-458. doi: 10.1016/B978-012263951-7/50014-4

Geary, T. G., Conder, G. A., & Bishop, B. (2004). The changing landscape of antiparasitic drug discovery for veterinary medicine. Trends Parasitol., 20(10), 449-455. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.08.003

Geary, T. G., & Thompson, D. P. (2003). Development of antiparasitic drugs in the 21st century. Vet Parasitol., 115(2), 167-184. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00205-x

Hajek, A., & König, H. H. (2020). How do cat owners, dog owners and individuals without pets differ in terms of psychosocial outcomes among individuals in old age without a partner? Aging Ment Health., 24(10), 1613-1619. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1647137

Iannino, F., Salucci, S., Di Provvido, A., Paolini, A., & Ruggieri, E. (2018). Bartonella infections in humans dogs and cats. Vet Ital., 54(1), 63-72. doi: 10.12834/VetIt.398.1883.2

Idris, O. A., Wintola, O. A., & Afolayan, A. J. (2019). Helminthiases; prevalence, transmission, host-parasite interactions, resistance to common synthetic drugs and treatment. Heliyon, 5(1), e01161. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01161

Jiménez, B., Maya, C., Velásquez, G., Torner, F., Arambula, F., Barrios, J. A., & Velasco, M. (2016). Identification and quantification of pathogenic helminth eggs using a digital image system. Exp Parasitol., 166, 164-172. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.016

Keller, L., Palmeirim, M. S., Ame, S. M., Ali, S. M., Puchkov, M., Huwyler, J., Hattendorf, J., & Keiser, J. (2020). Efficacy and Safety of Ascending Dosages of Moxidectin and Moxidectin-albendazole Against Trichuris trichiura in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis., 70(6), 1193-1201. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz326

Khasnis, A. A., & Nettleman, M. D. (2005). Global warming and infectious disease. Archives of medical research, 36(6), 689-696. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.041

Knott, J. I. (1939). Method for making microfilarial surveys on day blood. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 33(113), 191-196.

Koyasu, H., Kikusui, T., Takagi, S., & Nagasawa, M. (2020). The Gaze Communications Between Dogs/Cats and Humans: Recent Research Review and Future Directions. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 613512. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613512

Leirs, H., Larsen, K. S., & Lodal, J. (2001). Palatability and toxicity of fipronil as a systemic insecticide in a bromadiolone rodenticide bait for rat and flea control. Med Vet Entomol., 15(3), 299-303. doi: 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2001.00302.x

McKerrow, J. H., & Lipinski, C. A. (2017). The rule of five should not impede antiparasitic drug development. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist., 7(2), 248-249. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.05.003

Menchetti, L., Calipari, S., Mariti, C., Gazzano, A., & Diverio, S. (2020). Cats and dogs: Best friends or deadly enemies? What the owners of cats and dogs living in the same household think about their relationship with people and other pets. PloS one, 15(8), e0237822. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237822

Mikhail, M. W., & Hasan, A. H. (2016). Response of dominant rodents to coumatetralyl and bromadiolone in Greater Cairo, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol., 46(3), 557-562.

Milton, P., Hamley, J. I. D., Walker, M., & Basáñez, M. G. (2020). Moxidectin: an oral treatment for human onchocerciasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther., 18(11), 1067-1081. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792772

Modis, Y. (2012). Exploiting structural biology in the fight against parasitic diseases. Trends Parasitol., 28(4), 124-130. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.01.003

Momčilović, S., Cantacessi, C., Arsić-Arsenijević, V., Otranto, D., & Tasić-Otašević, S. (2019). Rapid diagnosis of parasitic diseases: current scenario and future needs. Clin Microbiol Infect., 25(3), 290-309. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.04.028

Monzote, L. (2014). Development of natural products as antiparasitic agents. Current clinical pharmacology, 9(3), 181-186. doi: 10.2174/157488470903140806112509

Otranto, D., & Deplazes, P. (2019). Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 9, 370-383. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.12.011

Overgaauw, P., Vinke, C. M., Hagen, M., & Lipman, L. (2020). A One Health Perspective on the Human-Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(11), 3789. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113789

Paliy, A. P., Petrov, R. V., Kovalenko, L. M., Livoshchenko, L. P., Livoshchenko, Y. M., Klishchova, Z. E., Bula, L. V., Ostapenko, V. I., Doletskyi, S. P., & Palii, A. P. (2021a). Effectiveness of a modern antiparasitic agent for deworming in domestic animals. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11(1), 11-17. doi: 10.15421/2020_302

Paliy, A. P., Sumakova, N. V., Antonіuk, A. A., Behas, V. L., & Panasenko, A. S. (2021b). Development and effectiveness of domestic bait in mouse-like rodents control. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11 (2), 204-210. doi: 10.15421/2021_101

Paliy, A. P., Sumakova, N. V., Mashkey, A. M., Petrov, R. V., Paliy, A. P., & Ishchenko, K. V. (2018). Contamination of animal-keeping premises with eggs of parasitic worms. Biosystems Diversity, 26(4), 327-333. doi: 10.15421/011849

Paliy, A. P., Sumakova, N. V., Rodionova, K. O., Mashkey, A. M., Alekseeva, N. V., Losieva, Ye. A., Zaiarko, A. I., Kostyuk, V. K., Dudus, T. V., Morozov, B. S., Hurtovyi, O. O., & Palii, A. P. (2021c). Efficacy of flea and tick collars against the ectoparasites of domestic animals. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11(2), 197-203. doi: 10.15421/2021_100

Paliy, A. P., Sumakova, N. V., Rodionova, K. O., Nalivayko, L. I., Boyko, V. S., Ihnatieva, T. M., Zhigalova, O. Ye., Dudus, T. V., Anforova, M. V. & Kazakov, M. V. (2020a). Disinvasive action of aldehyde and chlorine disinfectants on the test-culture of Toxocara canis eggs. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(4), 175-183. doi: 10.15421/2020_185

Paliy, A. P., Sumakova, N. V., Telyatnikov, A. V., Zhukova, I. O., Kasianenko, O. I., Shkromada, O. I., Suprun, Yu. O., Plyuta, L. V., Yevtushenko, I. D., Kovalenko, L. V., Dotsenko, E. A., & Palii, A. P. (2020b). Study of the toxicity and effectiveness of an antiparasitic agent based on tinidazole and fenbendazole. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 272-279. doi: 10.15421/2020_293

Paliy, A. P., Zavgorodniy, A. I., Stegniy, B. T., & Palii, A. P. (2020c). Scientific and methodological grounds for controlling the development and use of disinfectants. Monograph. Kharkiv: «Miskdruk», 318. ISBN: 978-617-619-237-4. (in Ukrainian)

Paliy, A., Sumakova, N., Petrov, R., Shkromada, O., Ulko, L., & Palii, A. (2019). Contamination of urbanized territories with eggs of helmiths of animals. Biosystems Diversity, 27(2), 118-124. doi: 10.15421/011916

Pereira, A., Martins, Â., Brancal, H., Vilhena, H., Silva, P., Pimenta, P., Diz-Lopes, D., Neves, N., Coimbra, M., Alves, A. C., Cardoso, L., & Maia, C. (2016). Parasitic zoonoses associated with dogs and cats: a survey of Portuguese pet owners' awareness and deworming practices. Parasit Vectors., 9(1), 245. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1533-2

Råberg, L., Graham, A. L., & Read, A. F. (2009). Decomposing health: tolerance and resistance to parasites in animals. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 364(1513), 37-49. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0184

Rana, A. K., & Misra-Bhattacharya, S. (2013). Current drug targets for helminthic diseases. Parasitol Res., 112(5), 1819-1831. doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3383-6

Robinson, M. W., & Dalton, J. P. (2009). Zoonotic helminth infections with particular emphasis on fasciolosis and other trematodiases. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 364(1530), 2763-2776. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0089

Rodan, I., & Sparkes, A. H. (2012). Preventive Health Care for Cats. The Cat., 151-180. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-0660-4.00008-9

Saini, V. K., Gupta, S., Kasondra, A., Rakesh, R. L., & Latchumikanthan, A. (2016). Diagnosis and therapeutic management of Dipylidium caninum in dogs: a case report. J Parasit Dis., 40(4), 1426-1428. doi: 10.1007/s12639-015-0706-9

Schimmel, A., Altreuther, G., Schroeder, I., Charles, S., Cruthers, L., Ketzis, J., Kok, D. J., Kraemer, F., McCall, J. W., & Krieger, K. J. (2009). Efficacy of emodepside plus praziquantel tablets (Profender tablets for dogs) against mature and immature adult Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala infections in dogs. Randomized Controlled Trial., 105(Suppl 1), 9-16. doi: 10.1007/s00436-009-1490-1

Sepulveda, M. S., & Kinsella, J. M. (2013). Helminth collection and identification from wildlife. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, 82, e51000. doi: 10.3791/51000

Sharma, N., Singh, V., & Shyma, K. P. (2015). Role of parasitic vaccines in integrated control of parasitic diseases in livestock. Veterinary world, 8(5), 590-598. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.590-598

Shepherd, C., Wangchuk, P., & Loukas, A. (2018). Of dogs and hookworms: man's best friend and his parasites as a model for translational biomedical research Parasit Vectors, 11(1), 59. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2621

Shkromada, O., Skliar, O., Paliy, A., Ulko, L., Suprun, Y., Naumenko, O., Ishchenko, K., Kysterna, O., Musiienko, O., & Paliy, A. (2019). Development of preventing means for rabits' coccidiosis. EUREKA: Health Sciences, 3(21), 58-68. doi: 10.21303/2504-5679.2019.00914

Stull, J. W., Peregrine, A. S., Sargeant, J. M., & Weese, J. S. (2013). Pet husbandry and infection control practices related to zoonotic disease risks in Ontario, Canada. BMC public health, 13, 520. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-520

Sykes, J. E., & Weese, J. S. (2014). Infection Control Programs for Dogs and Cats. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases, 105-118. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-0795-3.00011-9

Taylor, M. A. (2001). Recent developments in ectoparasiticides. Vet J., 161(3), 253-268. doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0549

Vienažindienė, Ž., Joekel, D. E., Schaper, R., Deplazes, P., & Šarkūnas, M. (2018). Longitudinal study for anthelmintic efficacy against intestinal helminths in naturally exposed Lithuanian village dogs: critical analysis of feasibility and limitations. Parasitol Res., 117(5), 1581-1590. doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-5843-5

Weil, G., & Ramzy, R. (2007). Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends in Parasitology, 23(2), 78-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.12.001

Woods, D. J., Vaillancourt, V. A., Wendt, J. A., & Meeus, P. F. (2011). Discovery and development of veterinary antiparasitic drugs: past, present and future. Future medicinal chemistry, 3(7), 887-896. doi: 10.4155/fmc.11.39

Zwang, J., & Olliaro, P. L. (2014). Clinical efficacy and tolerability of praziquantel for intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis-a meta-analysis of comparative and non-comparative clinical trials. PLoS Negl Trop Dis., 8(11), e3286. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003286