Harmful diatoms and dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean: a study from Southern coast of Sri Lanka
Abstract
D.A.S.J. Dissanayake, D.D. Wickramasinghe, P.M. Manage
Studies on Harmful Algae (HA) are rare in the Indian Ocean around Sri Lanka. The current study investigated diatoms and dinoflagellates in five Sri Lankan Southern coast locations, focusing on potentially harmful species. A total of twenty-seven diatom species and ten dinoflagellate species were identified during the study. Among them, eight diatom species (Asterionellopsis glacialis, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, Guinardia flaccida, Leptocylindrus minimus, Nitzschia sp., Proboscia alata and Pseudonitzschia fraudulenta) and three dinoflagellate species (Ceratium fusus, Ceratium furca, and Dinophysis caudata) were identified as potentially harmful species. Specifically, P. fraudulenta related to producing domoic acid, causing Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), was recorded in all sampling locations. Potentially harmful species showed a significant correlation with turbidity and total phosphorus levels (p < 0.05). Discerning the occurrence of these species in the region is vital, as the seascape under investigation is in anthropogenic pressure with many sea routes. Even though bloom conditions were not observable during the study period, the risk of transporting microalgae to many different locations and the possibility of bloom formations cannot be ignored. As a country surrounded by the ocean, the results demonstrated the importance of continuous monitoring of potentially HA and regulating maritime and land-based activities, covering a broader area to identify and manage potential threats to the Indian Ocean.
Keywords: Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; coastal zone; harmful algae; diatoms; dinoflagellates; water quality
References
Al-kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F. & Al-Rifaie, K. (2009). Marine phytoplankton atlas of Kuwait's waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Kuwait.
Almandoz, G.O., Fabro, E., Ferrario, M., Tillmann, U., Cembella, A. & Krock, B. (2017). Species occurrence of the potentially toxigenic diatom genus pseudo-nitzschia and the associated neurotoxin domoic acid in the Argentine Sea. Harmful algae, 63, 45-55.
Anderson, D. M. (2009). Approaches to monitoring, control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Ocean & coastal management, 52, 342-347.
Anderson, D. M., Hoagland, P., Kaoru, Y. & White, A. W. (2000). Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States. Woods hole oceanographic institution technical report: WHOI, 11.
APHA, AWWA, & WEF. (2012). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (22nd ed.). American Public Health Association.
Backer, l. C., Fleming, l. E., Rowan, A. & Baden, D. (2003). Epidemiology, public health and human diseases associated with harmful marine algae. Manual on harmful marine microalgae, 723-746.
Backer, L., & McGillicuddy, D. (2006). Harmful Algal Blooms at the Interface Between Coastal Oceanography and Human Health. Oceanography, 19 (2), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2006.72
Bates, S. S., Hubbard, K. A., Lundholm, N., Montresor, M. & Leaw, C. P. (2018). Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: new research since 2011. Harmful algae, 79, 3-43.
BOBLME . (2013). Bay of Bengal large marine ecosystem project - country report on pollution. Colombo: Sri Lanka BOBLME.
Botes, L. (2003). Phytoplankton Identification Catalogue ñ Saldanha Bay, South Africa, April 2001. GloBallast Monograph Series No. 7. IMO London.
Burkholder,J., Azanza, R. & Sako, Y. (2006). The ecology of harmful dinoflagellates. In: Granéli, E., Turner, J.T. (Eds.). Ecology of harmful algae. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. Pp. 53–66.
Chandrasekera & W.U., Fernando, M.A.S.T. (2009). Accidental introduction of alien plankton into the Sri Lankan coastal zone through ballast water of cargo ships. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Science 14, 87–103.
D'anglada, l. (2015). Editorial on the special issue "Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and public health: progress and current challenges". Toxins, 4437-4441.
Department of census & statistics (2012). Sri Lanka census of population and housing 2011. Department of Census and Statistics. Colombo.
Draredja, M. A., Frihi, H., Boualleg, C., Goffart, A., & Laabir, M. (2018). Relationships between environmental conditions and phytoplankton in the Mellah lagoon (south western Mediterranean, Algeria), with an emphasis on HAB species. Harmful Algae 2018–From Ecosystems To Socio-Ecosystems, 64.
D'silva, M. S., Anil, A. C., Naik, R. K. & D'costa, P.M. (2012). Algal blooms: a perspective from the coasts of India. Nat hazards, 63, 1225-1253.
Ekanayaka, K., Jayasiri, h. B. & Ranasinghe, P. (2016). Phytoplankton abundance in relation to nutrient dynamics during southwest monsoon, southern coast of Sri Lanka. NARA.
Faust, M. A. & Gulledge, R. A. (2002). Identifying harmful marine dinoflagellates. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Smith Institute, WA, USA, 42, 1-144
Faust, M. A. & Gulledge, R.A. (n.d.) Marine species identification portal. Available from: http://www.species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=dinoflagellates&id=51 (accessed 24.12.2019).
Fire, S., & Van Dolah, F. (2012). Marine Biotoxins: Emergence of Harmful Algal Blooms as Health Threats to Marine Wildlife. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1551&context=usdeptcommercepub
Fleming, l. E., Backer, l. C. & Baden, D. G. (2005). Overview of aerosolized Florida red tide toxins: exposures and effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 618-620.
Gelin, F., Volkman, J., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Damsté, J. S. & De leeuw, J. (1999). Distribution of aliphatic, nonhydrolyzable biopolymers in marine microalgae. Organic Geochemistry, 30, 147-159.
Gobler, C. J. (2020). Climate change and harmful algal blooms: insights and perspective. Harmful algae, 91, 101731.
Granéli, E. & Flynn, K. (2006). Chemical and physical factors influencing toxin content. In: Granéli, E. & Turner, J. T. (eds.) Ecology of harmful algae. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 229-242.
Granéli, E. & Turner, J.T. (2006). An introduction to harmful algae. In: Granéli, E., Turner, J.T. (eds.), Ecology of harmful algae, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. 3–7.
Hallegraeff, G., Dorantes-Aranda, J. J., Mardones, J. & Seger, A. (2017). Review of progress in our understanding of fish-killing microalgae: implications for management and mitigation. Marine and freshwater harmful algae, 150.
Hinder, S. L., hays, G. C., Edwards, M., Roberts, E. C., Walne, A. W. & Gravenor, M. B. (2012). Changes in marine dinoflagellate and diatom abundance under climate change. Nature climate change, 2, 271-275.
Ivanochko, T., Cassis, D., Shiller, J., Moore-Maley, B., Kim, J., Huang, S., Sheikh, A., & Oka, G. (2012). Phyto’pedia - The Phytoplankton Encyclopaedia Project. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia. https://open.ubc.ca/phytopedia/
Jayasiri, H. B., Dahanayaka, D. D. G. L., & Arulananthan, K. (2016). Diversity and Abundance of Marine Plankton and Benthos of Maruthankerny, Off Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium, 21. https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v21i0.3049
Jayasiri, H. B., Priyadarshanie, W., Gunasekara, A. & Ranathunga, R. (2015). Diversity, abundance and composition of phytoplankton with special reference to toxic dinoflagellates in Colombo harbour. Proceedings of National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka.
Jayawardhane, J. K. P. C., Manage, P. M., & Weerasekara, K. a. W. S. (2018). Identification of Harmful Marine Microalgae with Special Reference to Physico-Chemical Aspects of Coastal Waters in Western Province, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of international forestry and environment symposium.http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/8151
Kotaki, Y., Koike, K., Yoshida, M., Van Thuoc, C., Huyen, N. T. M., Hoi, N. C., Fukuyo, y. & Kodama, K. (2000). Domoic acid production in Nitzschia sp.(Bacillariophyceae) isolated from a shrimp